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Worm Map 2019 :<3:, Nematoda (Spiruroidea (Spirocerca lupi (L3s migrate…

- - - - EXCEPT Syngamus
        (bioperculated)
    - - Except Stephanurus and Syngamus
    - - Syngamus trachea
        (gape worm) (birds)
        
        Trachea of domestic birds
        
        Adult worms in trachea
        
        L3 develops inside egg
        
        Ingestion of egg
        
        Ingestion of L3
        
        Paratenic host
        
        Penetrate GI and go to lungs
        
        PPP 18 days
        
        Pathogenesis
        
        Hemorrhagic tracheitis
        
        Gaping
        
        Coughing, shaking
        (young birds —> death)
      - Stephanurus dentatus
        (swine kidney worm)
        
        L3 develops in egg
        
        Ingestion of L3
        
        Paratenic host
        
        Faculative intermediate host
        (some dev occurs
        
        L4 migrates to liver
        
        From liver to kidney
        
        Eggs passed in urine
        
        Pathogenesis
        
        L4: severe cirrhosis
        
        Adult: inflammation & thickening of kidney
        Green pus in kidney
    - - Oesphagostomum
        
        Oesophagostomum dentatum
        (pigs)
        
        Oesophagostomum radiatum
        (ruminants)
        
        Adults in colon
        
        Free-living larval development
        
        Can survive winters
        
        Ingestion of exsheathed L3’s
        
        Penetrate mucosa of SI/LI
        
        Can undergo hypobiosis
        
        PPP 28-42 days
        
        Pathogenesis
        
        L3 nodules
        
        L4 —> ulcers
        
        Enteritis
        
        Anemia, protein loss, weight loss
        
        Heavy: chronic UC
        Inappetence & emaciation
    - - Strongylinae
        Large strongyles
        
        Genus Strongylus
        
        Strongylus vulgaris
        (horses and donkeys)
        
        L4 migrate to endothelium in cranial mesenteric artery
        
        Molt to L5 (2-3 mo)
        
        Return to intestine via arterial lumen
        
        Strongylus equinus
        (horses and donkeys)
        
        Strongylus edentatus
        (horses and donkeys)
        
        Common threads
        
        Adults live in cecum
        
        Eggs pass in feces
        
        Penetrate intestinal mucosa
        
        Nodules form in the mucosa
        
        Burst & release adults
      - Cyathostominae
        Small Strongyles
  - - - Bunostomum phlebotomum
        (cattle)
        
        Oral or through skin
        
        Tracheal migration
        
        Accidental infections of humans
        
        L3 infectious
        
        Hypobiosis - seasonality
        
        Cattle
    - - Ancylostoma caninum
        (dogs and cats)
        
        Skin, oral, transmammary transmission
        (only transmammary hookworm in dogs/cats)
        
        PPP 14-21 days
        
        L4’s can feed
        
        Most pathogenic
        
        Susceptibility declines with age
      - Ancylostoma tubaeformae
        (cats)
      - Ancylostoma braziliense
        (dogs and cats)
  - - - Haemonchus
        
        Periparturient Rise in summer/fall
        
        Sheep, goats, and other ruminants
        
        Symptoms
        
        Chronic
        
        Weight loss
        
        Lethargy
        
        Mild anemia
        
        Edema +/-
        
        Acute
        
        Anemia (pale MM)
        
        severe edema
        
        weakness, wool loss
        
        sudden hemorrhagic death
        
        dark feces
        
        NO DIARRHEA
        
        No effective vaccines
        
        Refugia treatment - treat only most affected animals
      - Ostertagia
        
        Signs
        
        Profuse & watery diarrhea
        
        Anorexia / dehydration
        
        weight loss
        
        sub-mandibular edema
        
        Low grade anemia
        
        Diagnostic nodules
        
        Ostertagia ostertagi - cattle
        Ostertagia circumcinta - sheep
        
        larvae grow in gastric glands
        
        Seasonal
        
        Diagnose with plasma pepsinogen
        
        2 clinical entities
        
        Type I
        
        Young cattle, contaminated pastures
        
        Type II
        
        Arrested L4 erupt from glands
      - Trichostrongylus
        
        Trichostrongylus colubriformis
        
        Sheep, goats, llamas, cattle
        
        Small intestine
        
        Mucosal disruption
        
        distort and flatten villi
        
        Protein loss and diarrhea
        
        Trichostrongylus axei
        
        Ruminants, horses, pigs
        
        Abomasum, stomach
        
        Erode glandular epithelium, nodules
      - Cooperia
        
        Affects abomasum/SI
      - Nematodirus
    - - Ollulanus
    - - Dictylocaulus viviparus
        
        lay eggs in lungs
        
        No eggs in feces - L1s
        
        Coughing, tachypnea, dyspnea
        
        Seasonal
        
        Vaccine in Europe
      - filaria - sheep
      - arnfieldi - equine
  - - - Inhabits bronchi, bronchioles, posterior lung
      - Eggs laid in bronchi, coughed up -> feces
      - L1 hatch in feces - may be directly or indirectly infective
      - L3 liberated from wall of esophagus
        
        Lymph nodes, blood, and lungs
      - PPP: 4 weeks
      - Pathogenesis
        
        Bronchitis and bronchiolitis
        
        Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes
        
        Pigs in pasture
        
        Poor growth, nasal discharge
      - Levamisole, Fenbendazole, Ivermectin
    - - Embedded in smallest broncioli
      - Snail/slug intermediate host
      - L1 hatches in bronchioli / in feces
      - Transmission:
        Snail -> sheep, molt in mesenteric lymph node, through bloodstream to heart & lungs
      - PPP: 5-6 weeks
      - Transplacental transmission
      - No pathognomic signs
      - Morbidity and mortality in Big Horn Sheep
      - Ivermectin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, Fenbendazole, Albendazole
    - - Alveoli, not bronchioles
      - Slugs and snails = int hosts
      - Temperate regions
      - Highly pathogenic in goats
      - L1 in feces - kinked tail
      - Moxidectin - adults
        Eprinomectin - topical for goats
    - - Adults in cranial venous sinuses & subarachnoid spaces (CNS)
      - Persistent infections - ~4 years
      - Non pathogenic in deer
      - Snails/slugs
        
        Molt twice w/i intermediate host
      - PPP: 3 months
        (migration to spinal cord: 10 days)
      - CNS signs
      - Fenbendazole PO, Ivermectin SQ
    - - 5% of cats
      - Male has short bursa
      - Eggs into alveoli - egg masses form nodules
      - Penetrate terrestrial mollusk, molt twice to L3
        
        Reptiles, rodents, or birds are paratenic hosts
      - Usually slight
        
        Heavy infection: chronic cough, gradual wasting, dyspnea, death
      - Resp signs are due to embolism of alveolar vasculature and mechanical irritation
      - Imidacloprid & Moxidectin single topical dose
        IVM injected SQ
    - - Pulmonary arteries, right ventricles
      - Smaller than D. immitis
      - Eggs released in pulmonary circulation
        
        L1 coughed up and passed in feces
      - Subclinical to fatal signs
        
        Cardiorespiratory signs
        
        Hemorrhage from L1 eruption
        
        CNS disease
        
        Interstitial pneumonia
      - Milbemycine oxime PO
        
        Post-treatment complications - dyspnea & ascites
    - - Direct lifecycle (infective L1)
      - Ovoviviparous
      - Ingestion of regurgitated stomach contents, feces, or tissues containing L1s
      - PPP: 6-7 months
      - Signs
        
        Tracheobronchitis (can be confused with kennel cough)
        
        Spastic, hard, dry cough @ exercise or cold air
        
        Gray or pink nodule @ bifurcation of trachea
      - Found at bifurcation of trachea
      - Fenbendazole or ivermectin
    - - Bronchi and broncioles
      - Ovoviparous female
      - L1 exits with feces and develops into L3 inside snails/slugs
        
        No direct transmission
      - Milbemycin oxime, Imidacloprid+Moxidectin, FBZ
- - - - No tracheal or somatic migration
      - No prenatal or transmammary transmission
    - - Eggs passed in feces
        
        2 weeks - larvae mature in egg & become infectious
        
        7 year persistence
        
        Paratenic rodent or bird
        
        Lighter infection
      - PPP 4-5 weeks
      - Large burden - obstructions
      - Diagnosis
        
        Respiratory signs
        
        Pot belly / abdominal distress
    - - Somatic migration
      - Large, neurotrophic larvae
      - Zoonotic
    - - No prenatal transmission
      - PPP: 5.5-8 weeks w/ egg ingestion
      - Paratenic rodent
        
        PPP: 3 weeks, no migration o/s GI tract
  - - - Small intestine
      - No tissue migration
      - Small intestine damage/absorption issues
    - - Heterakis gallinarum
        
        Vector of: Histomonas meleagridis
        (a protozoa)
        
        Parasite of cecum and liver
        
        Very deadly
        
        Turkeys worse than chickens
        
        Chickens are reservoir hosts
        
        Cecum
        
        Reduction in egg production
    - - Direct or earthworm transfer host
        (Mixed life cycle)
        
        Life cycle is the same
        
        PPP: 3-6 weeks
        
        SI -> penetrates wall -> portal vein -> liver
        
        L3 -> heart -> lungs -> bronchi -> trachea -> SI
      - Tracheal migration
      - Hatch in temperature dependent fashion
      - Pathogenesis
        
        Milk spot lesions on liver
        
        Lungs - pneumonia and cough
        
        Diarrhea, weight loss (SI)
        
        Rarely: intestinal obstruction
    - - PPP: 10-12 weeks
      - Tissue migration
        
        Liver: no white spots
        
        Lungs/bronchi: pneumonia, nasal discharge, coughing
        
        SI: rare, impaction, peritonitis, death
      - Long-lived eggs
    - - Rare in NA
      - Transmammary transmission
      - Zoonotic
      - Only migrate in adults (not calves)
- - - - erosion, ulcers
- - - - T. suis
        (swine)
        
        PPP: 41-47 days
        
        Direct life cycle
        
        Signs
        
        Profuse diarrhea
        
        Anorexia, dehydration, emaciation
        
        Growth retardation
        
        Survive for years in soil
      - T. vulpis
        (dogs)
        
        PPP: 70-90 days
        
        Mature in 1 mo and survive years
        
        Clinical signs w/ heavy infection
        
        Profuse diarrhea
        
        Straining
        
        Rarely anemia and death
        
        Can pick up from dog parks
      - T. ovis
        (ruminants)
        
        Non-pathogenic
      - T. trichiura
        (simian primates)
        
        Pathogenic
    - - Dogs, cats, foxes
        
        C. boehmi
        (frontal nasal sinus)
        
        PPP: 40 days
        
        Runny nose, sneezing
        
        C. aerophila
        (bronchi)
        
        PPP:30 days
        
        Coughing, dyspnea
        
        C. plica
        (urinary bladder)
        
        PPP: 60 days
        
        Hematuria, dysuria, pollakuria
      - Birds
        
        C. contorta
        (crop and esophagus)
      - Ruminants
        
        C. bovis
        (small intestine)
      - Rodents
        
        C. hepatica
        (liver)
      - Bipolar-plugged eggs
        
        Earthworms
    - - Trichinella spiralis
        
        Newborn larvae migrate to muscle cells
        
        Encyst in muscle as L1
        
        Larvae digested out of meat/muscle fiber
        
        Signs
        
        Loose stool & vomiting
        
        Weakness
        
        Muscle stiffness & discomfort
      - Trichinella murrelli
      - Trichinella nativa
        (Arctic)
      - L1 not encapsulated in muscle
        
        Trichinella pseudospiralis
        (wildlife and birds)
- - - - Autoinfective - reproduction w/i definitive host
      - Direct / indirect life cycle
      - PPP: 10 days
    - - Common in young animals
      - Transmammary transmission
      - PPP: 1 week
    - - PPP: 9 days
      - transmammary transmission
      - Severe liquid diarrhea
    - - PPP: 14 days
      - Transmammary transmission
      - Wasting - severity of diarrhea
    - - Due to larval penetration
      - Due to migration
      - Due to adults in intestines
      - Migration after autoinfection (stercoralis)
- - - - Burrow out of aorta & move to esophagus
      - Lesions in aortic lining
  - - - Put paw in water and worm lays eggs
- - - - Malpighian tubules
    - - Coughing
      - Labored breathing