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MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDS AND DISASTERS (NATURAL HAZARDS (Definitions (natural…

- - - - geographical location
        
        climatic belts (diff in air temp and pressure) in areas near the equator, subtropics or temperate regions, are highly susceptible
  - - - mitigation measures
        
        funding for social aid, rebuilding of home property and infrastructure, ability to tap on international aid, setting aside reserves, maintenance work, educate the community & organise evacuation drills to increase the level of preparedness of the people, establish good working r/s & cooperation between people and countries, hospital and other critical facilities to always be prepared to receive an emergency with all resources ready, flood mitigation systems, activating Federal Emergency Response Plans, installing shock absorbers, retrofitting buildings to prevent them from collapsing during earthquakes, land use policies
      - 3Ps 2Rs: prediction prevention preparedness response recovery
      - impacts (severity) -- Physical: destruction of natural landscapes & habitats, loss of agriculture and displacement of land. Economic: loss of property and infrastructure, funds needed for rebuilding works, decreased working population = decrease in income and productivity in the economy, tourism industry is impacted, destruction of agricultural plots leads to great financial losses Social: loss of lives, homeless people w/o livelihood, lack of accessibility to water, electricity and sewerage, food shortage, psychological impact on losing the loved ones, spread of diseases due to stagnant water or unsanitary environment
  - - - naturally occurring phenomenon triggered generally by natural factors such as change in climatic condition or plate tectonic movement, but can also be triggered by human-induced actions (e.g. deforestation, urbanisation, industrialisation). Natural hazards may or may not result in great damage and/or loss of life
    - - major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth, that results in great damage or loss of life
- - - - infectious diseases: STIs, vector-borne diseases like dengue, flu, ebola, tubercolosis, zika, HIV / AIDS
    - - chronic diseases
    - - small scale spread, usually within country or area
    - - big scale spread, global; great and extensive impacts
    - - agent, host, environment, vector
- - - - envt: air pollution due to traffic congestion (^ ability to afford w ^ income of the people, and due to rapid urbanisation), and also due to high emissions from heavy industry --> negative impacts on health; water pollution due to lack of wastewater treatment plants and outdated drainage system -----> restriction of the number of cars on the roads,by ^ prices of cars to discourage private car ownership; engaging Canadian Cleantech business to use their electrochemical reaction technology to treat wastewater water shortage: due to rapidly growing pop, govt rapidly builds water infrastructure and invest heavily on sewage treatment,, world bank collaborate w Shanghai to ^ water management, leveraging on public and private capital to fund water infrastructure transport: govt focused on ^ road infrastructure to reduce congestion, by developing rapid transit systems (light rail, subway) & maglev system rising COL: older people migrating from rural areas have difficulties adapting to city life, difficult to find opportunities for skills upgrade & thus hard to find job opportunities. Ageing population + one child policy creates an increasingly lopsided dependency ratio, burdens on society crimes & vices: corruption & bribery of govt & ppl of authority, shoplift & theft ---> nationwide surveillance system using facial recognition technology
    - - envt: air pollution due to urban sprawl, ^ air pollution w ^ vehicles & ^factory production to meet the ^ demands of the people.---> govt enforced strict regulations and mandatory introduction of flue gas desulphurisation in factories and plants, and instructed vehicle owners to install exhaust gas reduction devices, & promoting the shifting of main energy source from fuel to electricity and gas. water pollution ---> build efficient sewage-processing plants, use recycled water housing: demand exceeds supply of houses, and cost of houses are in relation to the cost of the land it is built on, thus many people cannot afford proper housing, putting constant pressure on standard of living due to compromised housing. as a result, there was a wide spread growth of vernacular settlements which lacked sufficient infrastructure, mostly wooden housing which were esp susceptible to earthquakes & fire disasters. transport: trains & subways alw run @ the limits of their safety capacities land: high demand of land exceeds supply due to competition for space amongst various urban functions growing ageing population: w increased life expectancy of over 80 years, theres now an imbalanced burden on the working population, and taxes struggle to fill the gaps between demand for social welfare programmes for elderly people and fiscal affordability illegal migrants: many people want to come to tokyo as it is a developed country with many job prospects. however, if they are employed, they are usually unskilled manual labourers, and many lie outside the social security net, lacking minimum medical care
    - - envt: high air, land & water pollution due to lack of enforcement of legislation to protect the envt ---> land zonation: concentration of heavy industries into one area so that air pollution is kept to one area and does not spread as quickly to other areas and affect other people; new industrial estates provide business premises and job opportunities, encourages people from unlicensed businesses to take up jobs here instead, where emissions are now regulated. sanitation: poor sanitation, lack of access to water, electricity & proper sewerage , as many ppl live in makeshift homes. housing: 40% of the people lice in shanty towns or makeshift homes due to rapid pop growth, govt is unable to keep up with the infrastructure improvements needed in favelas ---> Cingapura scheme, where slums are rebuilt in to high-rise / mid-rise flats w proper infrastructure in place. transport: ^ volume of traffic on poorly maintained roads inconveniences people and contributes heavily to air pollution, due to lack of planning, thus space constraints ---> underground metro system, and new roads, trains, buses brought about to improve connectivity in the area, central business district was pedestrianed & parking restrictions imposed to reduce vehicular traffic in crowded areas. Rising COL: due to unemployment, as ppl have low levels of education and thus can only take on menial jobs in the informal sector that pay them the bare minimum ---> new industrial estates offer employment for the people, w possibly higher pay, leading to eased social mobility of the people