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[SU1] Perspectives and Evolution of Employment and Industrial Relations …

- - - - Conflict results from: Poor communications & Poor Management
      - Seen as NEGATIVE
  - - - Neglects actual causes of conflict
      - Thinks problem is easy to solve like miscommunication and leadership when there is actually more to it
    - - Management has final say and total control
  - - - Collectivist Approach (Restricts company's flexibility)
        
        Union-led
        
        Negotiated work rules
        
        Imposes rigidity
        
        Anti-competitive Outcomes
- - - - Reason: Organisational members attach themselves to different sources of leadership
      - Seen as POSITIVE DEVELOPMENT
        
        Engage many stakeholders within and outside to solve conflict
        
        Emphasis on conflict resolution
        
        Root causes and underlying tensions can be openly addresed
      - Inevitable
    - - Bring higher level of employee involvement and participation
      - Do Collective Bargaining with management to negotiate for employees
  - - - Union-led
      - Negotiated work rules
      - Procedures that are in compliance with in legislation on avoiding unnecessary conflicts
      - Imposes rigidity which Restricts Flexibility in changing to adapt to globalisation and ever-changing environment be it business or client preferences
- - - - Difference
        
        Way conflict is resolves
      - Unions challenge managerial Control
      - State side with capitalists
  - - - Fundamental and inherent conflicts
      - Both try to strengthen and cconsolidate their respective positions to influence the other
- - - - 3)Specialised Government agencies
      - 2) Managers and their representatives
      - 1) Non-managerial employees and their representatives
      - Influenced by the environment
        
        Contextual (Affect Actors)
        
        PEST
        
        Political
        
        Economical
        
        Social
        
        Technological
        
        Industrial (Outcomes from actors)
        
        Competition within marketplace
        
        Power of suppliers and buyers
        
        Threat from New Entrants
        
        Threat from Substitute Products
    - - Environmental factors that influence the actors (Slightly diff from above)
        
        Technology
        
        industries affected by technology face rapid changes
        
        Fewer workers needed because technology handles a part of the job
        
        Deskilling-Robots replacing skilled artisans leads to loss of jobs
        
        E.g. Manufacturing
        
        Changed business models
        
        E-commerce instead of brick-and-motar shops
        
        IN SG
        
        Rapid Skilling to avoid structural and under-employment
        
        Review of education systen
        
        Economic
        
        Demand
        and Supply for Products and/or Service
        
        Place constraints on employment r/s
        
        Aligned to economic cycles
        
        Financial constraint on companies cause High Turnover and Pressure to the system
        
        Demand and Supply for Labour
        
        IN SG
        
        Demand is tight so pressure on employment relations system is high
        
        Continuous raise for productivity affects ER
        
        Distribution of power in society
        
        Reflected within ER systems
        
        Some overly powerful because of political affiliations
        
        Other: Government side with capitalists to put pressure on unions and workers
        
        IN SG
        
        Government balance power through tripartism
    - - Set of Ideas and Beliefs held by actors
      - Help to bind and integrate the system together
      - Use the perspectives to achieve this (Unitarist, Pluralist and Radical/Maxist Approach)
    - - In unionised environment, carried out through Collective Bargaining
      - Consists of
        
        Procedures for establishing substantive rules
        
        Procedures for deciding application to particular situations
        
        Centre of attention of ER
      - Compliance to rules are Key to good ER
      - Categorised into
        
        Rules governing compensation in all forms
        
        Duties and performance expected from workers (Includiing discipline for failure to achieve the standards)
        
        Rules defining the rights and duties of employees
      - Constantly re-negotiated due to changing environment
      - IN SG
        
        In Power and Managed Succession well
        
        PAP Government
        
        NTUC
        
        SNEF
  - - - To reflect Tripartite system
      - Government and Union are dominant role
        
        E.g. Minister in the Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet Minister is also concurrently the NTUC Secretary General
      - SNEF is Passive and reactive role
      - Key Features
        
        Government playing central role as policymaker
        
        Outcomes: Economic Growth, Political Stability and Harmony
        
        Single Federation of trade unions
        
        Symbiotic Relations: Government and Union
        
        Win-Win problem solving approach