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Biochemistry (Sickle Cell Disease (Infant most likely inherited disease…

- - - - intracellular fluid in the cell that is between the organelles
    - - The nucleus controls the cell's activities, considered the "brain" of the cell
    - - a selectively permeable membrane which is the outer membrane of the cell
    - - Ribosomes
        
        makes protein
      - Mitochondria
        
        releases energy
      - ER
        
        carries proteins
      - Nucleolus
        
        makes ribosomes
      - Golgi Bodies
        
        packages and ships proteins
      - Lysosomes
        
        breaks down nutrients and other objects within the cell
      - Vacuole
        
        storage
      - Flagella
        
        moves the cell
      - Pilli
        
        attaches to other cells
      - DNA
        
        genetic material
  - - - fatty acids and glycerol
      - fats, steroids, cholesterol
    - - enzymes, structural components
        
        enzymes are globular proteins that are biological catalysts
        
        apoenzyme
        
        protein portion
        
        cofactor
        
        coenzyme
        
        form a holoenzyme
        
        they speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
        
        not used up or changed by the reaction
        
        the substance which an enzymes acts is called a substrate
        
        occurs at the active site
      - amino acids
        
        20 common types of amino acids (alphabet)
        
        all amino acids have two functional groups
        
        an amine group
        
        organic acid group
        
        contain C,H,O, N, and two have S
        
        amino acids can act both as acids and bases (proton acceptors and proton donors)
        
        amino acids only differ in their R groups which make them chemically unique
      - proteins are long chains of amino acids
        
        they are linked by peptide bonds
        
        dipeptide, tripeptide, polypeptide
        
        most proteins are macromolecules from 100 to 10,000 amino acids
      - Structure Levels of Protein
        
        Secondary
        
        chains twist and bend to form secondary structure coil of the primary chain
        
        alpha helix - resembles a slinky/ coiled spring
        
        stabilized by hydrogen bonds between NH and CO groups in amino acids, 4 amino acids apart
        
        Beta pleated Sheet- chains dont coil but link side by side by hydrogen bonds to from a pleated ribbon structure
        
        Tertiary
        
        a globular molecule, comprises of a helilx and b pleated regions folding in on each other
        
        reinforced by covalent and hydrogen bonds
        
        Primary
        
        linear sequence of amino acids
        
        backbone of a protein molecule
        
        Quaternary
        
        two or more polypeptide chains form a complex area
    - - monosaccharides
      - sugars, starch, cellulose
    - - nucleotides
      - DNA,RNA
        
        DNA
        
        DNA is found in the nucleus
        
        constitutes genetic material , genes, genome
        
        Dna has two jobs
        
        provides instruction for protein building
        
        technically governs all chemical reactions
        
        replicates itself before cell division
        
        DNA accounts for our uniqueness
        
        RNA
        
        located outside the nucleus
        
        molecular slave to dna
        
        RNA carries out the orders that DNA gives for protein synthesis
        
        3 major variations to RNA
        
        ribosomal
        
        transfer
        
        messenger
        
        each variation has its own role for protein synthesis
      - composed of C,O,H,N, and P
        
        largest molecules in the body
- - - - normal blood cells are smooth and round and healthy people have hemoglobin -A
      - hemoglobin s, is long and rod-like
        
        sticks to each other
        
        the single error in DNA changes the shape and therefore the function of the cell
  - - - sickle cell trait
        
        most cases have no symptoms
        
        can pass defective gene to future generations
    - - sickle cell disease
        
        common sympotoms
        
        dizziness
        
        pain episodes
        
        fatigue
        
        stroke
        
        organ damage
        
        specifically severe spleen damage
        
        repeated infections
        
        episodes of pain
        
        causes sickle shaped red blood cells
        
        stick to the blood vessels and causes clotting
        
        blood cells cant properly carry oxygen
        
        causes chronic anemia because there are less healthy blood cells
        
        average life expectancy of 42-47 years