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Carbon & Molecular diversity of life (The structure of large…
Carbon & Molecular diversity of life
The structure of large Biological Molecules
Major Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
monomers
Monosaccharides
Disaccharide
simple sugars taste sweet
Polysaccharides
starch , glycogen, and cellulose
energy last longer
composition
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
1:2:1 ratio
Structural
plants
Cellulose
bugs
Chitin
cellular fuel
complex sugars
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simple sugars
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Lipids
glycerol & fatty acid chains
Building blocks
composition
Carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
sometimes phosphorus
Phospholipid bilayer
polar and non polar molecule
polar head and non polar tail
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Purpose
stored energy
Tryglycerol
stored fat
cell membrane structure
steroids
rings make them unique
polarity
most are non polar exempt phosphorus & hormones
saturated vs unsaturated
unsaturated
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saturated
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Proteins
Monomer
20 animo acids
polar & non polar
Chemical component
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
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Purpose
signaling molecules
structure
chemical reactions
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muscles
APC
Levels of protein structure
primary structure
The sequence of amino acids
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secondary structure
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Nucleic Acids
monomers
nucleic acids
sugar
nitrogen bases
AT & CG = DNA
AU & CG = RNA
Hydrogen bonding
bonds connected by hydrogen bonds
Phosphate
Chemical component
Carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
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Purpose
store information to make protein
DNA controls the cell metabolism
DNA gives rise to RNA witch makes proteins
DNA & RNA
DNA carries the genetic information
RNA makes proteins
Central Dogma
DNA--> RNA--PROTEIN
Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis
Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded To each there with a loss of water
by removing the water molecule this joins the two short monomers to make a long polymer
Carbohydrates
linkage that bonds bonds monomers are
glycosidic linkage
proteins
Peptide bond
links monomers together
Hydrolysis
This adds a water molecule to break the bond
This breaks polymers into monomers
Digestion is an example of this process
Food must be in its simplest form in order to be digested into the bloodstream
Polymers & ATP
Polymers
many monomers build polymers
monomers are the building blocks of polymers
40 to 50 common monomers
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharide
lipids
glycerol & fatty acid chains
Proteins
20 amino acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
intracellular energy
Cellular respiration
ADP
--->
ATP
Main molecule that provides energy
Composition
carbon
hydrogen
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Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon components
Organic chemistry
compounds containing carbon
organic molecules range from simple molecules like methane or complex ones like proteins
Stanley Miller
Conducted an experiment that was intended to find carbon molecules
purpose was to find organic molecules under condition estimated to simulate those on the early age.
His data supported the abiotic synthesis or organic molecules
Moles
A mole is equal to 6.02x10^23
This represents quantity quantity
If an amount of an element is gathered equal to it's atomic mass in grams you have 1 mole of atoms
When asked for a solution put the moles grams/ 1L H20
The diversity of carbon by bonding to four other atoms
Carbon has 4 valence electrons
This allows carbon to bond to other atoms including O, H, and N
Carbon can also bond to other carbon atoms forming carbon skeletons of organic compounds
The skeletons vary in length and shape and have bonding sites for atoms of other elements
Hydrocarbons
Consist of carbon and hydrogen
atoms of hydrogen are attached to carbon skeletons whenever electrons are available for covalent bonding
major component of petroleum
they can be hydrophobic , example hydrocarbon tails attached to a non hydrocarbon component
These undergo reactions that release energy . fuel or body fat that's used as fuel reserved
Isomers
These are compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in structure and therefore different properties
Trans
X represent an atom or a group
When X is on the opposite side of the covalent bond
Enantiomers
differ in spacial arrangement around a asymmetric carbon
Example: Left and right hand
shape complements function
Cis
X represents an aton or group
When x is on the same side of the covalent bond
Structural isomers
These differ in the covalent bonding
A few chemical groups are key to molecular function
Chemical groups attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules participate in chemical reaction
Functional groups
Amino group
Acts as a base
This can pick up H+from the surrounding solution
Compound name-- Amine
Sulfhydryl group
Two SH groups can react forming a crosslink that helps stabilize protein structure
Compound name--- Thiol
carboxyl group
Acts as an acid
this can donate H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
Compound name -- Carboxylic acid or organic acid
Phosphate group
Contributes negative charge
1- when positioned inside a chain of phosphates
2- when at the end
Cabonyl group
sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses
those with aldehydes are called aldoses
Compound name-- Ketone
Methyl group
Affects the expression of genes when on DNA or proteins bound to DNA
Affects the shape and function of the male and female sex hormone
Hydroxyl group
may be written HO----
This is polar due to its electronegative oxygen
forms hydrogen bonds with water
helps dissolve compounds such as sugar
compound name -- Alcohol. Example Ethanol the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages