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Chapter 4-5 (Functional Groups (Functional groups are chemical groups that…
Chapter 4-5
Functional Groups
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Carboxyl (-COOH) Carboxylic Acid, Organic Acid
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Isomers
Isomers: compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but differing structures
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Cis-trans isomer: the carbons have covalent bonds with the same atoms, they differ in their arrangements.
Enantiomers: are simply just isomers that are mirror images of each other. However, they differ in shape because of an asymmetric carbon
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are molecular compounds made from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of sugars. (cellular Fuel-immediate energy)
Monosaccharides also called simple sugar, any of the basic compounds that serve as the building blocks of carbohydrates.
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Disaccharides are double sugars containing 2 monosaccharides connected by a glyosidic linkage(covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction )
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the functioning of the cell.
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DNA, is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce
RNA plays a major role in protein synthesis as it is involved in the transcription, decoding, and translation of the genetic code to produce proteins
Carbon
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Carbon (C) has 6 electrons, 2 in the first shell, 4 in the second shell. It has a valence of 4.
Macromolecules, Polymers, and monomers
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Monomer is a type of molecule that has the ability to chemically bond with other molecules in a long chain(building blocks of polymers)
4 Macromolecules of organic chemistry: Carbohydrates(monosaccharides), Lipids(glycerol+fatty acids), Proteins(amino acids), Nucleic Acid(nucleotides
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Dehydration reactions a chemical reaction between two compounds where one of the products is water. Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
Hydrolysis is the opposite process of dehydration. Water molecules are used to break chemical bonds Ex. Digestion in the human body
Proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Each amino acid contains a central carbon, a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group
Major functions: acting as enzymes, receptors, transport molecules, regulatory proteins for gene expression
Amino Acids: monomers that make up proteins. Each amino acid consists of a central carbon atom, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom.
Organic Chemistry
Elements found in Organic Molecules: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus, etc.
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ATP/ADP
Adenosine Triphosphate Is the energy carrier of a cell. Stores the potential to react with water.. Contains 3 phosphorus. Cellular respiration builds ATP
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Lipids
Lipids are a group of biological molecules that include fats, oils and some steroids. They are built from fatty acids bonded to a wide range of other compounds.
The function lipids perform is as the building blocks of cellular membranes. Other functions energy storage, insulation, cellular communication and protection.
Polysacccharides
Polysaccharide is a large molecule made of many smaller monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars, like glucose. Special enzymes bind these small monomers together creating large sugar polymers, or polysaccharides