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The moon landing (Moon landing footage would have been impossible to fake…
The moon landing
Did the moon landing actually happen?
No stars in the photos
Conspiracy theorists: no stars to be seen > created in a studio
Science: always daytime when astronauts were on the moon > the weak light of the stars was not to be seen, because the moon's surface, the lander and the astronauts were so brightly illuminated by the sun
The photos were too perfect
Conspiracy theorists: The Hasselblad cameras carried by the astronauts had no viewfinder
Science: numerous blurred images in NASA's archives. Only beautifull ones have been published. Besides, the astronauts had time to practice on earth.
The waving flag
US flag that Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin rammed into the moon's regolith blows in the wind.
Conspiracy theorists: not possible > no atmosphere
Science: flag moved when they touched it and rammed it into the ground
The oscillations kept going for much longer.
A cross strut was braced in the flag to give the impression it was blowing.
The shadows run diagonally
Conspiracy theorists: some photos show shadows x parallel. > sun only light source > all shadows should run in parallel. > so spotlights involved.
Science: Parallelism = matter of perspective. Parallel lines on a three-dimensional surface always appear as if they are converging if they are imaged two-dimensionally.
Bill Kaysing
We Never went to the Moon.
No reliable evidence to suggest a moon landing conspiracy.
Not even the Soviets questioned it back then.
400,000 people worked on the Apollo missions.
Enough witnesses
How Moon Landing Conspiracy Theories Spread Before the Internet
We never went to the Moon - Bill Kaysing (1974)
Technical writer at space contractor Rocketdyne
People thought Kaysing knew what he was talking about
Average person distrust anything their government telling them.
Disheartening eras of the 20th century
Because of the Vietnam War to the corruption of Watergate
Insisted moon landings were actually filmed at a production studio in Area 51
Wasn’t possible given the technology of the day
Failures occurred with repeated regularity.
The absence of stars in the photos
Reality; sunlight in space > expose the photo using an appropriate aperture for the surface of the Moon > you’re not going to capture the relatively little light from stars
Acclaimed director Stanley Kubrick probably involved with fake moon landing
Directed the footage we know today as the Apollo landings.
His book included photos of hotels in Las Vegas > place where Kaysing said the astronauts lived while they were supposed to be on the Moon.
Practice sessions that astronauts conducted look like a fake Moon landing.
The Knight newspaper company; July 1970 30% of Americans thought it was faked
Gallup poll; 1976 28% of Americans belived it was staged by de government
Ralph Rene's second book, published in 1994
Folk hero of the Moon hoax community
Astronauts don’t look sufficiently excited upon their return > he said that the astronauts were embarrassed they'd lied to the American public
Moon landing did happen; the camera technology of the 1960s, harder to fake the Moon landing that it would’ve been to just go there.
Moon landing footage would have been impossible to fake — a film expert explains why
Director Stanley Kubrick helped NASA to fake historic footage
But impossible > technology at the time
Moon landings taped in TV studio > should be 30 frames per second video (television standard at the time)
But video from first moon landing was 10 frames per second in SSTV with a special camera
Used Apollo special camera in a studio and then slowed down the footage to make it look like there was less gravity
But overcranking > plays back at normal frame rate > footage plays back for longer >
If you can't overcrank camera > record at normal frame rate > instead artificially slow down footage > but need way to store the frames and generate new extra frames to slow it down
Time of broadcast > magnetic disk recorders capable of storing slow-motion footage capture 30 seconds in total, for a playback of 90 seconds of slow motion video. To capture 143 minutes in slow motion, you'd need to record and store 47 minutes of live action > wasn't possible
Shot it on film, slowed down the film instead. Can have as much film as you like to do this. > converted the film to be shown on TV
Would need 6 and half reels >The splicing joins, transfer of negatives and printing would give away the game
Flag is blowing in the wind, but there is no wind
After the flag is let go, it settles gently and then doesn't move at all in the remaining footage
Lighting from spotlight and shadows look weird
Spotlight; sun
Sun is far away > shadows are parallel rather than diverging
Spotlight; light reflected from ground
Can cause shadows to not appear parallel & we can see objects that are in the shadow
Stanley Kubrick filmed it
Perfectionist would have insisted on shooting it on location, but he didin't like to fly