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WW1 (Ending of the war (Treaties (Versailles (Jan 1919
Wilson :flag-us:,…
WW1
Ending of the war
Casualties
- 20m dead 21m wounded
- Allies: 57 million
- Central pwrs: 4 million
Surrender
- A-H fell first
- followed by Ottomans
- 11/11/1918 Germany signed armistice and surrendered
Wilson's 14 points
- post-war goals
- better in paper
- created uneven self-determination
Treaties
Versailles
- Jan 1919
- Wilson :flag-us:, Clemenceau :flag-fr:, David Lloyd George :flag-gb:, Vittorio Orlando :flag-it:
St. Germainen League
- separated A-H
- created new Republic of Austria
- large part of its territory was lost
League of Nations
- made to solve problems between countries
- most of Europe joined
- U.S senate :red_cross: ratify
Homefront
Propaganda
with allies:
- used to increase war effort and support
- used report of German attacks
with central powers:
- used to justify their actions
- they were the only civilized the rest were greedy and materialistic
- allies used African and Russian "savages" in battle
- Spread through media: penny press, cinema newsreels, gramophone recordings
- gov't censorship to only allow good uplifting news
- enemy wins were watered down or omitted
Women
- were employed in traditionally male jobs
- 40-60% of workforce were women
- men believed they would have less jobs available after the war
- worked in munitions plants & other war industries
- nurses were against the war
- war has much support at the beginning
- created mass prejudice across Europe
- fought to keep the opposing side "savages" form controlling Europe
- leaves made soldiers resentful of the average citizen
Two Fronts
East
Russia
- advantage in numbers
- disadvantage in weaponry against Germans
- fought better against Austria-Hungary
Serbia
- helped fight Austria- Hungary
- took their capital back form A-H in a week
- was invaded by Ger. and A-H and pushed back until :flag-gb: came to help
Germany
- drove :flag-ru: from A-H territory
- kept A-H from collapsing
- had to strategize more to make progress
- on the brink of starving
West
where? border of France, Belgium, and Alsace with Germany
who? Germany, France, Britain
Trench Warfare
what are they?
- long and narrow ditches dug into the ground 6-8 ft deep
Structure
- 3 trenches on each side
-firing line, 2nd firing line, communication and support
- lined with sandbags and corpses
- rotated positions weekly
- German trenches had bunks, water tanks with taps, and wood planks to isolate noise
No Man's Land
-
filled with machine gun nests, barbed wire, grenade throwing posts, observation posts
Conditions
- wet and cold, filled with mud
- minimal protection from shells
- thriving ground for disease
- lice lived inside the soldiers
- abundance of rats
Trench Foot
- due to constantly wet feet
- symptoms: blisters, blotchy skin, redness, dead and peeling skin
- lead to grene, amputation, loss of use of the feet, permanent nerve damage, ulcers
Killed 75,000 :flag-gb: & 2,000 :flag-us:
-
Marne & Ypres
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- French. opened gap in German troops
- lasted over a month, German retreat
- Franco-British troops formed front along N. :flag-fr: and :flag-be: coast
- Germans attacked in Ypres, :flag-be:
- 150,000 casualties
Going Global
Deep Waters
- British had the most advantage
- :flag-gb: created blocked German ports
- lead to near starvation of German population
- Germans used u-boats to counter Brit ships
- Unrestricted submarine warfare from Germans
-destroyed civilian filled ships without reason
colonies
- Germany targeted Brit colonies
- Germany backed forces opposing :flag-gb: & :flag-ru: rule
- pulled people from the colonies to serve in the war
Middle East
- triple entente set to conquer Ottomans
- to gain access to trade routes and oil
- ticked Arabs into fighting for them
- Ottomans turned against their own people
U.S
- joined with the triple entente
-unrestricted sub. warfare/ Zimmerman telegram
- small forces & average navy
- advantage: fast and efficient
- economy boom due to war
Causes
Long Term
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Alliances-ex. Triple Alliance: Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary vs. Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia
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