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ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS (past ecosystems (paleontology vs geological evidence,…

- - - - shows past flora and fauna
        
        infer what environmental conditions were
    - - BIF layers of rock that were red, rusty colour, formed by cyanobacterias because they released oxygen. can determine the atmosphere changed by the BIF, anoxic to oxic
        
        cyanobacteria photosynthesised and released oxygen with saturated into the water which then saturated in the layers of rock underneath, forming BIF this then changed the atmopsphere making it oxic
    - - further down you go the older the layers of ice are, layers of ice every year, as it gets further down its harder to count the rings because of the pressure so its hard to see, anything in the atmosphere is caught in the ice forever
        
        carbon dioxide levels can be shown, and the increase is shown since the industrial revolution
        
        evidence for past atmospheric gases, precipation rates, infer past air temperatures were
  - - - plants with tough waxy small leaves to survive arid, dry climates with poor soil nutrients, can survive on a lot less water than european plants
      - kangaroo
  - - - half-life of radio active isotopes - shows the age of organisms to date it
- - - - used to test predictions
        
        make valid recommendations
        
        e.g. climate models, species distribution models
  - - - reshape landform to original state, revegetation and repopulation of original species, fills in pits and tunnels, remove infrastructure
    - - difficult to restore until agricultural activities have reduced or stopped
        
        natural fertilised GMO's
        
        plants vegation to reduce erosion
        
        not over irrigating
- - - - predator/prey graphs
        
        there always has to be more prey than predators, numbers fluctuate
    - - food, water, nesting sites, territory, mates
        
        intraspecific
        
        within the population
        
        interspecifc
        
        between species
    - - the specific area where an organism inhabits.
        
        two different species cannot have the same niche for long as one will outcompete the other
    - - biotic factor
    - - mutualism
        
        both benefit
        
        e.g. bee and flower
      - parasitism
        
        one benefits one is affected
        
        e.g. leech and human
      - commensalism
        
        one benefit one unaffected
        
        e.g. whale and barnicle
    - - transects
        
        line places along a gradient, with definite zones of areas
        
        benefical for working out where organisms are in a particular area, set intervals to measure at
        
        used to work out whether an organism is present or not at a particular point
        
        used for presence rather than abundance
        
        ADV -shows the distribution of non-moving organism, cheap, non-invasive, easy, provides an estimate DIS- cant use for mobile organisms, not 100% accurate
      - quadrats
        
        Grids used to see abundance on a population
        
        thrown randomly so it is not bias
        
        size of grid determined by size of organism
        
        more times completed the more accurate the estimate is
        
        ADV - easy, cheap, non-invasive DIS - not accurate, only be used for non-mobile organisms, careful to not create a bias
      - capture
        
        capture a certain amount of organisms, and tag them using a formula
        
        release them back into population for specified time
        
        capture another sample, use a set formula to determine an estimate of the population size
        
        ADV - used for mobile organisms, use it for large populations, use ofr large areas DIS - can be invasive (tags), time consuming, can be expensive
    - - when last organism dies
        
        e.g. tasmanian tiger
        
        art drawings and fossil evidence suggesting it went extinct on mainland beofre tasmania
        
        extinct because of hunting, habitiat clearing and competiton with invasive species on mainland due to european settlers (human activity)