The Accusative Case:

• the most common uses of the accusative are;
  
  

a) as DIRECT OBJECT of a transitive verb
e.g. puella pupam habet - The girl has a doll

• two accustives may be found with certain verbs such as docere, rogare, and creare
  e.g. magister pueros multa rogabat - the teacher asked the boys many questions
  Cincinnatum dictatorem creaverunt - they appointed Cincinnatus dictator
  
  

b) WITH CERTAIN PREPOSITIONS

c) to denote MOTION TO A PLACE

• usually preceded by a preposition, but with the names of towns, small islands and a few other words, (notably domus, and rus the preposition is omitted
  e.g. Neapolim cras iter faciemus - we shall travel to Naples tomorrow
  rus aestate semper redimus - we always return to the country in the summer
  
  

d) to denote DURATION OF TIME
e.g. ibi paucos dies manebant - they remained there for a few days
urbs Troia decem annos obsidebatur - the city of Troy was besieged for ten years

e) to denote EXTENT OF SPACE
e.g. murus erat tres pedes altus - the wall was three feet high
multa milia passum progressi erant - they had advanced many miles

The Vocative:

• used when addressing a person or thing

• identical in form to the nominative case, except in the singular of Group 2 nouns ending in -us

  
  

  e.g. veni celeriter, dominus - Come quickly, master!

  
  

  salve, mi fili! - Greetings, my son!

  
  

• masculine group 1/2 adjectives ending in -us also show the vocative ending

  
  

  e.g. ave, optime Caesar! - Hail, most excellent Caesar

  
  

• in poetry, this usage is extended to participles

  
  

  e.g. quo, moriture, ruis? - Where are you rushing to, you who are about to die?