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(Workplace (Work Environment (Visibility (weather conditions were unsual),…
Workplace
Work Environment
Visibility
weather conditions were unsual
Temperature
Lookout did not have the binoculars
He did not knwo where they were
site familiarisation was not had
Training requirement
Equipment Design
Automatic watertight bulkheads
They were not watertight, they had no lid, so only watertight as long as it remained horizontal. So as the ship started to fill, water tipped into the adjoining compartment and so on until the pressure snapped the ship in half.
Ships designers did not imagine this happening
Regulatory input on standards of ship building?
look up the materials used for this - the brittle fracture would be here.
Workplace Factors
Site design
Access
Management
Job Design
Supervision
Wireless Operator was independently employed from White Star - by a company called Marconi
He did not understand the the grave danger/importance of the messages being received
He failed to pass on messages to the bridge & He continued to pass on messages from 1st class passengers
There was no report back procedure or policy for the disbursement of messages
Conduct a Heirarchical Task Analysis to assess the relationship between the Wireless Operator and the systems goals, in this instance the safe navigation of the ship to its final destination. The Wireless operators competent relaying of information impacted on the safe arrival as we know, because the ships Captain was not aware of the severity from transmissions from other ships, so his decision to not slow down was impacted.
Conduct an Information Flowchart aka. Decision Action Diagram to show the link between the information being received and how that is relayed to another part of the system to make a decision. In this instance, the information being received by the Wireless operator to the bridge/Captain, to highlight the importance of the transfer. The Captains decision to not slow down was impacted by this breakdown.
From this development of Operating procedures can be established
Conduct training specification/Design training courses to ensure the Wireless operator understands the job function and the importance of his role, but also to understand the navigational terms and complexities of the reports being received.
Task Design
Management Decisions
16 lifeboats installed on Titanic though 32 would be required for all passengers on board
would take up space on promenade deck for 1st class passengers
British Board of Trade had requirements by tonnage and not by passengers
Purchase of White Star Lines by Financing company
Did nto have knowledge or experience of passenger ferrying
Placed trust in experienced ships Captain Smith
Followed path acceptable since 1899 which was an outbound route for mail steamers
Was this still appropriate?
People
Individual Factors
Captain Smith
Continued to sail into ice field at full speed
Had full control of ship
Was not given ice berg warnings from Wireless Operator
he was hired independently by Marconi company
Lack of process/procedure for communication between the two parties
Information flow chat aka, Decision-Action Diagram to show the relationship between the Wireless Operator receiving vital information and delivering to the Captain who needs to make decisions based off of this. (Task Description Methods in Kirwin, B & Ainsworth, LK (1992, p. 87))
Was he capable to make the decision to continue in these conditions of an eveinign?
Competence assessment
Training required to understand the weather conditions
Was this the procedure of the Company, accepted practice of the time or based on the Captains personal expertise?
Look into regulatory requirement or standards for operating in different weather conditions
Assess the Company process and procedures for operating in different weather conditions
How much experience has the Captain had in this environment going across Atlantic? Has he had much experience in Arctic type conditions with icebergs etc?
Human Factors Analysis to assess the aptitude, training required and knowledge of the Captain. This analysis would be beneficial to answer some of the questions around why he continued to travel at high speed into this type of environment. Has he done so before? How often?
Wireless Officer Phillips
Did not pass on iceberg warnings to the Bridge/Captain
He did not understand the importance of the messages being received
Was he competent?
Training in understanding how to
Procedures in place for what to do with all
Task Analysis to assess
No procedure in place
Input/output diagram
Fred Fleet - Ship Lookout
Saw the iceberg too late
Didn't have binoculars
Site familiarisation was not conducted
Task Analysis (to assess the specific requirements of the Lookout, identifying the need for binoculars to conduct the task, site specific training to ensure equipment and resources are known where to be found (Work Study Task Analysis in Brauchler & Landau (1998, p. 14))
Unfavorable weather conditions
Conduct an environmental risk assessment
First Officer Murdoch
Called hard to starboard upon hearing the iceberg warning
This was the appropriate call at the time
Deck/Ship Officers
Launched partially filled lifeboats
No regulation safety drill conducted
No lifeboat deployment training
Lack of communication about severity