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How does traffic congestion affect people and the environment? (people…
How does traffic congestion affect people and the environment?
people
reduced productivity
Productivity
rate at which goods and services are produced
measured in output per unit of labour
involves engaging in activities
brings about economic benefit
Traffic congestion reduces productivity :
people have to spend more time commuting
wastes time which could be spent on productive work
Inefficient transport system reduces productivity
leads to an economic loss for the country as a whole
Stress on physical and mental health
Physical health
General condition of a person's body
Impacts
fatigue
long travelling times
prone to lose their concentration/fall asleep
accidents
death
serious health issues
source of exhaust fumes
idling in traffic
leads to several health problems with long term exposure
asthma
lung diseases
includes
carbon monoxide
particulate matter
can be so small that it is able to penetrate deep into lung tissues
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carbon dioxide
Mental health
a persons psychological state
indicated by emotions and behaviour
impacts
stress and frustration while stuck in traffic
spends more time on the road
increases their chance of being involved with other drivers
accidents
fights
environment
air pollution
traffic congestion increases the pollution level of a city
more than half of the air pollution in the USA is primarily caused by cars
cars emit greenhouse gases
types
carbon monoxide
nitrogen oxide
carbon dioxide
sulphur oxide
causes the earth's temperatures to rise
trap heat
wasted fuel will increase air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions
when vehicle remains stationary in a traffic congestion
constantly accelerate and brake during stop-start traffic
cars produces other harmful air pollutants
contributes to poor quality air
smog
a combination of smoke and fog
caused by exhaust and particles
factories
cars
causes
cause difficulty in breathing
reduce life expectancy by as much as 15 years
reduce resistance to lung infection
colds and eye irritation
slows down plant growth
tiny polluted particles may also be deposited onto soil and water surfaces
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harms the environment
Noise pollution
occurs when there is harmful and excessive noise
animal life
human life
interferes with people's daily lives
work
home
leisure
school
disturb sleep
cause cardiovascular and psychophysiological effects
reduce performance
provoke annoyance responses
changes in social behaviour