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Hypospadias hypo (Complications (Infertility, Urethral damage, Kidney…
Hypospadias
Definition
Urethral meatus opens on ventral side
Complications
Infertility
Urethral damage
Kidney damage
Abnormal genital growth
Urinary incontinence
Diagnostic test
MRI Scan
Blood test
Pelvic x-ray
History taking
Physical examination
Nursing Care Plan
Refer to urologist
Health education
Provide support
Suggest life-style modifications
Post-operative nursing care
Causes
Exposure to certain substances during gestation
Bladder exstrophy
Birth defects
Genetics
Maternal age over 35
Pathophysiology
Incomplete development of urethra
Treatment
Surgical repair
Signs & Symptoms
Abnormal opening of urethra
Back flow of urine to kidney
Urinary tract infection
Electrolyte imbalance
Urinary incontinence
