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M: From theory to intervention HC SLIDES (HC5 Help (evaluation (context:…
M: From theory to intervention HC SLIDES
Course objectives
describe social, health and organization-based interventions & reflect upon them according to a systematic intervention approach, by using theoretical knowledge from the field of social, health, and organizational psychology
identify criteria for succesful social, health, and organization-based interventions and reflect upon them
develop a behavior change intervention based on systematic approach and report on it
HC1
complexity of behavior
determinants health behavior
knowledge
about what healthy beahvior entails
about consequences of behavior
about health
skills
self-regulation
obtaining knowledge
Impact behavior
impact on environment
motivation
intrinsic motivation
incentives
environment
cues for behavior
social support
complexity
some core theory concepts
intention: intention-behavior gap
automatic behavior
habits
impulse
nudging
norms
injunctive
descriptive
dual-process models
self-control
deliberation vs. automaticity
interventions
who has this knowledge?
who makes these interventions?
interventions don't always target the actuals determinants...
effective cause behavior
zie model in je agenda, maak een modellenboek
succesful interventions lead to medium to large effects on intention, and small to medium effects on behavior
moderators: control, habitual, impulse, social context
if it's not intention..
environmental cues trigger..
habits
impulses
goals (sometimes conflicting)
(social) norms
.. based on previously learned associations
Example: social norms
injunctive norms: (perceived) expectancy of what others think of your behavior, what you 'ought' to do
descriptive norms: what do others do?
descriptive norms are strong predictors of behavior
(anti-) social norms
broken window theory: does a visible 'breaking' of a rule/norm result in other norms shifting?
intervention implications
what are determinants of the behavior?
under which conditions does the behavior take place?
what process guides this behavior?
focus on attitudes and intentions?
focus on norms, context cues, associations, habits?
PATH method
a guideline for the process of an intervention
a general approach that can encompass different intervention methods
problem, analysis, test, help
HC3 Moving from problem definition to
analysis
outcome variable
define a desired end state to get to the outcome variable
make sure u can measure the outcome variable
psychological variable
behavior & intentions (agression, smoking, productivity, exercise)
attitudes and cognitions (attitudes towards diversity, knowledge about safe sex, preferences)
emotions or affect (stress, anger, depression, worrying, happiness, sympathy)
make sure to move from a macro level to a concrete, specific, measurable outcome variable, think about how to evaluate this outcome measure, keep it relatively simple
punten
relevance - must follow logically
specificity - outcome needs to be specific
continuity - must be desribed in quantative terms
analysis: divergent phase
aim: being complete
generate as many explanations as possible
feel free to include anything that may seem relevant
try and explain differences in the outcome variable
how big is the problem, what are the reported causes, what has been tried before, what was effective
free association
problem association
concept association
perspective taking
needs assessment
how does the target group perceive the problem?
what is the level of knowledge, skills and resources in the group?
what needs and capacities do they have
what environmental factors play a role
interviews and observations
he why interview - real or imagenary
observational data 1. behavior observation 2. introspection
subjective data
interviews: qualitative, reactive
focus groups: qualitative, structured, multiple opinions
semi-subjective data
observations: quantative, structured
surveys: quantitative, limited topics, efficient
theory!
topical strategy
conceptual strategy
general theory
theory: the obstacles
oversimplification
clean, simple designs
reality is not clean and simple, but messy and full of circumstances
external validity
ppt are W.E.I.R.D. (western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic)
lab VS field
contrasting findings
different studies, diff results
practical: you have to select
after this, getting rid of Redundant, Irrelevant, Invalid, Implausible explanations
HC2 Problem
PATH: Problem (identifying and defining the problem), Analysis (what explains the problem), Test (developing and testing the process model), Help (developing and testing an intervention)
checklist
social psychological? applied? concrete? solvable?
problem definition
what is a prob? why? who is suffering? possible causes? who would be the target group? since when is this a problem? same occur in other situations/context
HC5 Help
intervention
based on knowledge/insights
describe as complete and concrete as possible
implementation plan
evaluation plan
balance table
to what extent is a variable modifiable?
central part of personality?
based op political/religious beliefs?
part of stable environment
no one target this variable before?
balance 2
how strong is the effect of te variable on the outcome var?
previous IV targeting this variable effective?
empirical support for effectiveness of variable?
how far away from outcome?
balance table consists of Modifiability & Effect size
IV method selection:
behavior change methods of which we know in general that affect a variable
how to get to these methods?
from literature and expertise: 'core processes'. psychological theory (about the variables)
(more) theoretical level
to be translated into a specific
but also: brainstorm, ideas target group
applied, specific, concrete
has to have a theoretical background
conditions
'basic parameters'
attending to the IV
understanding the contents of the IV
but IV's based on heuristic work outside of these basic parameters
each method has its own parameters (or conditions)
method selection
role models
identifiable
posi or nega
goal setting
motivation
fear appeals
response efficacy
risk perception
rewards/punishment
carrot vs. stick
method > strategy
outcome: planing condom use
variable (attitude): acknowledge that STD's stem from behavior, and not group membership
method: personalizing risk
strategy: scenarios in which target group peers play the main part
method > strategy
outcome var: use sufficient SPF
var (behavior): apply SPF before exposure to UV rays
method: use a hearistic (default)
strategy: offer free SPF at beach entrances
intervention
which method?
which strategy?
what medium/channel?
channel
effectiveness
intensity
appropriateness
impact: effectiveness * participation
bigmediumsmall reach, general/specific/semispecific audience, high/low intensity
implementation
how do you get your IV noticed?
who decide on using the program? what affects them?
how dya get organizations to join the program? what are their interests?
who will implement the IV?
evidence for effectivity is not enough! but still important
implementation
attributes: relative advantage, simplicity, compatibility
demonstration: show that it works
opinion leader: a believable, accesible, nearby, popular person
program adaptation: allowing for modifaction of the IV increases chances of long-term use > but will it still be effective?
treatment fidelity
delivery: is the IV being offered as it was intended?
receipt: is the IV received/understood as it was intended
enactment: do ppt use the strategies as they were intended?
treat. fidel. is crucial, buz:
if the IV is effective, u want to know whether this was because of the program (or not effective bcuz of the program)
moreover, low fidelity causes noise in your study design > bigger studies necessary
effectivenes
back to the problem definition
how dya measure it?
how much changed? in how much time?
control group/baseline
evaluation
are there instruments/questionnaires for what u want to measure? (reliability/validity)
measuring behavior is not easy
selfreport
observation
ecological momentary assessment
evaluation
the IV process
was the IV implemented correctly
were the conditions for the IV met?
IV executed as planned? why not?
anyone notice your IV? why noy?
target group involved? why not?
did all organisation join? why not?
unexpected side effects?
evaluation
context
: aspects of the (social) enivornment that can affect implementation
reach:
proportion of target population that actually participated in the IV
dose delivered
: number of components that was acutally offered
dose reveived:
number of components in which ppt actively participated
fidelity:
the extent to which the IV was executed as it was intended
implementation:
general score of the extent to which the IV in implemented and received
recruitment
: how were ppt approached?
evaluation
costs-benefit analysis: does the effectivity outweigh any negative conequences of side effects?
efficacy = effectivity under optimal circumstances: motivated ppt that do everything u ask
effectiveness = effectivity in the real world
efficiency = cost-benefit analysis
HC4 TEST
Today:1. From analysis tot process model 2. how to select variables 3. how to weigh associations
convergent phase
get rid of long-listed explanations and theories that turn out to be:
redundant (overtollig)
invalid
irrelevant
implausible
non-psychological
unchangeable
process model
what is a process model?
overview of most important factors
representation of the
associations
between these factors and the outcome variable
why do you need a process model?
overview of the problem
starting point for the IV development
types of associations
direct
causes (A causes B)
A --> B
indirect
(A causes B through M)
A --> M --> B
reinforcing
(S strengthens the association between A and B)
undermining
(Z weakens the asso between A and B)
guidelines process model
list the most important factors from your analysis
check whether the VAR are psychological, specific, concrete and continuous
check whether the VAR entail behavior, attitudes or affect
start by putting the outcome VAR on the right side of the model
work from right to left, put arrows, give them a name (with the associations mentioned above)
+/- 10 variables & +/- 4 levels
selecting variables
consider....
VAR are psychological in nature, or affected by?
can the VAR be changes/influenced?
context of the VAR, transferrable to 'my' context?
association strong enough? (ENOUGH EVIDENCE?)
p < .05
not so important.... look for effect size
effect size: statistic that indicates to
what extent
sample results differ from expectations as phrased in the null hypothesis (no difference between VAR)
effect size can be in original measurements units (ms, scores on a scale) OR standardized (cohen's d, β, η, r)
note effect size: is the effect size from a single study, or meta-analysis? How large N? Who is N?
HC6 SUMMARY
Problem
outcome = social psychological, applied, concrete, solvable?
what is the problem? why a problem? who suffering? possible causes? target group? since when a problem? applied in more context or just one?
Analysis
outcome, divergent, convergent
outcome
relevance (logically from problem definition)
specificity (specific and concrete)
continuity (described in quantative terms)
divergent
generate many explanations
convergent
get rid of VAR that are redundant, irrelevant, invalid, implausible
Test
developing a model of causes and outcomes, testing the model, selecting determinants/predictors
list the important factors. check if specific, concrete, continuous
check whether VAR entails behavior, attitudes or affect
selecting VAR..
association strong enough? VAR is psycholgoical or influenced by? transferrable to context of problem definition? enough
evidence
for association?
Intervention
based on knowledge and insight from Analysis & Test
describe as complete/concrete possible
implementation plan
evaluation plan
Intervention
which method?
which strategy?
what medium/channel?
implementation
how do your get your IV noticed?
who decides on using the program? what affects them?
how d'ya get organizations yo join the program?
who will implement the IV?
evaluation
process: IV is implemented correctly? conditions met for IV?
target group involved? IV went as planned? ppl noticed your IV? unexpected side effects? did all organizations join?
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1
answer: conceptual strategy (analysis phase)
During analysis phase, u can use different kind of strategies when exploring.
LEARN EXPLORING STRATEGIES
2
was about effect evaluation
(learn the components of evaluation)
3
3 components of treatment fidelity
delivery: IV delivered as intended?
receipt: do participants understand the IV as intended?
enactment: do participants execute the strategies/techniques as intented?
importance treatment fidelity
allows u to determine whether the IV caused and effect
low fidelity causes more noise in your design, meaning that bigger studies are required