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Exam 1 Parasites (Nematoda (Spiruroidea (Spirocerca lupi (L3s migrate up…

- - - - High mortality
      - Rapid rise in temp
      - Severe anemia
      - Hemoglobinuria
    - - Rhipcephalus (Boophilus) annulatus
        
        One-host tick
      - R. microplus
  - - - Wild animals asymptomatic reservoir
      - Domestic cattle: disease
    - - After leukocytes
    - - First stage
      - Sporozoites infect
      - Replicate in T and B cells
    - - Leukocytes zombified (immortalized)
      - Lymphoma-like disease
        
        Uncontrolled growth
        
        I-kappa-B destroys NF-kappa-B
        
        Loss of differentiation
        
        Don’t listen to signaling
      - Infiltrate organs and tissues
        
        Milky white splotches
        
        Death from edema in lung tissue
      - Immunosuppression
      - Entry into lymphocyte
        
        Adherence
        
        Entry into vacuole
        
        Get into cytoplasm
        
        Adhere to microtubules
        
        Never egress from cell
        
        Associate with microtubules of daughter cells
  - - - Trypanosoma brucei
      - T. vivax
      - T. equiperdum (USA)
    - - Pool feeders
      - Important for lifecycle
    - - Anemia
      - Polyclonal B activation
      - Hypergammaglobulinemia
      - Immune complex formation and deposition
      - Immunosuppression
    - - Antigenic variation
        
        Varied surface glycoprotein (VSG)
        
        Monoallelic expression
        
        Over 1000 different genes
  - - - Only females blood feed
      - Phlebotomus
      - Lutzomyia
    - - Plug up fly’s ability to feed
        
        Regurg parasite
    - - Dog reservoir
        
        Potential zoonosis
        
        Cannot treat
      - L. infantum
      - L. chagasi
- - - - Large-bodied
      - Copulatory bursa
      - Buccal capsules
      - Direct life cycles
      - Migration
      - Strongyle-type eggs
        
        EXCEPT Syngamus
        (bioperculated)
      - Large Intestine
        
        Except Stephanurus and Syngamus
      - Syngamidae
        
        Syngamus trachea
        (gape worm) (birds)
        
        Trachea of domestic birds
        
        Adult worms in trachea
        
        L3 develops inside egg
        
        Ingestion of egg
        
        Ingestion of L3
        
        Paratenic host
        
        Penetrate GI and go to lungs
        
        PPP 18 days
        
        Pathogenesis
        
        Hemorrhagic tracheitis
        
        Gaping
        
        Coughing, shaking
        (young birds —> death)
        
        Stephanurus dentatus
        (swine kidney worm)
        
        L3 develops in egg
        
        Ingestion of L3
        
        Paratenic host
        
        Faculative intermediate host
        (some dev occurs
        
        L4 migrates to liver
        
        From liver to kidney
        
        Eggs passed in urine
        
        Pathogenesis
        
        L4: severe cirrhosis
        
        Adult: inflammation & thickening of kidney
        Green pus in kidney
      - Chabertiidae
        
        Oesphagostomum
        
        Oesophagostomum dentatum
        (pigs)
        
        Oesophagostomum radiatum
        (ruminants)
        
        Adults in colon
        
        Free-living larval development
        
        Can survive winters
        
        Ingestion of exsheathed L3’s
        
        Penetrate mucosa of SI/LI
        
        Can undergo hypobiosis
        
        PPP 28-42 days
        
        Pathogenesis
        
        L3 nodules
        
        L4 —> ulcers
        
        Enteritis
        
        Anemia, protein loss, weight loss
        
        Heavy: chronic UC
        Inappetence & emaciation
      - Strongylidae
        
        Strongylinae
        Large strongyles
        
        Genus Strongylus
        
        Strongylus vulgaris
        (horses and donkeys)
        
        L4 migrate to endothelium in cranial mesenteric artery
        
        Molt to L5 (2-3 mo)
        
        Return to intestine via arterial lumen
        
        Strongylus equinus
        (horses and donkeys)
        
        Strongylus edentatus
        (horses and donkeys)
        
        Common threads
        
        Adults live in cecum
        
        Eggs pass in feces
        
        Penetrate intestinal mucosa
        
        Nodules form in the mucosa
        
        Burst & release adults
        
        Cyathostominae
        Small Strongyles
    - - Bent head
      - Oral cutting plates (teeth)
      - Pathogenic mechanism = hematophagy
      - Bunostominae
        (cutting plates)
        
        Bunostomum phlebotomum
        (cattle)
        
        Oral or through skin
        
        Tracheal migration
        
        Accidental infections of humans
        
        L3 infectious
        
        Hypobiosis - seasonality
        
        Cattle
      - Ancylostominae
        (cutting buccal teeth)
        
        Ancylostoma caninum
        (dogs and cats)
        
        Skin, oral, transmammary transmission
        (only transmammary hookworm in dogs/cats)
        
        PPP 14-21 days
        
        L4’s can feed
        
        Most pathogenic
        
        Susceptibility declines with age
        
        Ancylostoma tubaeformae
        (cats)
        
        Ancylostoma braziliense
        (dogs and cats)
    - - Trichostrongylidae
        
        Haemonchus
        
        Periparturient Rise in summer/fall
        
        Sheep, goats, and other ruminants
        
        Symptoms
        
        Chronic
        
        Weight loss
        
        Lethargy
        
        Mild anemia
        
        Edema +/-
        
        Acute
        
        Anemia (pale MM)
        
        severe edema
        
        weakness, wool loss
        
        sudden hemorrhagic death
        
        dark feces
        
        NO DIARRHEA
        
        No effective vaccines
        
        Refugia treatment - treat only most affected animals
        
        Ostertagia
        
        Signs
        
        Profuse & watery diarrhea
        
        Anorexia / dehydration
        
        weight loss
        
        sub-mandibular edema
        
        Low grade anemia
        
        Diagnostic nodules
        
        Ostertagia ostertagi - cattle
        Ostertagia circumcinta - sheep
        
        larvae grow in gastric glands
        
        Seasonal
        
        Diagnose with plasma pepsinogen
        
        2 clinical entities
        
        Type I
        
        Young cattle, contaminated pastures
        
        Type II
        
        Arrested L4 erupt from glands
        
        Trichostrongylus
        
        Trichostrongylus colubriformis
        
        Sheep, goats, llamas, cattle
        
        Small intestine
        
        Mucosal disruption
        
        distort and flatten villi
        
        Protein loss and diarrhea
        
        Trichostrongylus axei
        
        Ruminants, horses, pigs
        
        Abomasum, stomach
        
        Erode glandular epithelium, nodules
        
        Cooperia
        
        Affects abomasum/SI
        
        Nematodirus
      - Ollulanidae
        
        Ollulanus
      - Dictyocaulidae
        
        Dictylocaulus viviparus
        
        lay eggs in lungs
        
        No eggs in feces - L1s
        
        Coughing, tachypnea, dyspnea
        
        Seasonal
        
        Vaccine in Europe
        
        filaria - sheep
        
        arnfieldi - equine
      - Small, hair-like
      - Large copulatory bursa
      - small buccal capsule (pathogenesis)
      - Abomasum, stomach, small intestine
    - - No buccal cavity
      - Located in lungs / adjacent vessels
      - Carnivores, ungulates, rodents, and primates
      - Mostly indirect lifecycles - slugs
      - L1 in feces - kinked tails
      - Metastrongylus apri
        (swine)
        
        Inhabits bronchi, bronchioles, posterior lung
        
        Eggs laid in bronchi, coughed up -> feces
        
        L1 hatch in feces - may be directly or indirectly infective
        
        L3 liberated from wall of esophagus
        
        Lymph nodes, blood, and lungs
        
        PPP: 4 weeks
        
        Pathogenesis
        
        Bronchitis and bronchiolitis
        
        Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes
        
        Pigs in pasture
        
        Poor growth, nasal discharge
        
        Levamisole, Fenbendazole, Ivermectin
      - Protostrongylus rufescens
        (sheep and goats)
        
        Embedded in smallest broncioli
        
        Snail/slug intermediate host
        
        L1 hatches in bronchioli / in feces
        
        Transmission:
        Snail -> sheep, molt in mesenteric lymph node, through bloodstream to heart & lungs
        
        PPP: 5-6 weeks
        
        Transplacental transmission
        
        No pathognomic signs
        
        Morbidity and mortality in Big Horn Sheep
        
        Ivermectin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, Fenbendazole, Albendazole
      - Muellerius capillaris
        (sheep and goats)
        
        Alveoli, not bronchioles
        
        Slugs and snails = int hosts
        
        Temperate regions
        
        Highly pathogenic in goats
        
        L1 in feces - kinked tail
        
        Moxidectin - adults
        Eprinomectin - topical for goats
      - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
        (cervids, camelids, sheep)
        Brain worms
        
        Adults in cranial venous sinuses & subarachnoid spaces (CNS)
        
        Persistent infections - ~4 years
        
        Non pathogenic in deer
        
        Snails/slugs
        
        Molt twice w/i intermediate host
        
        PPP: 3 months
        (migration to spinal cord: 10 days)
        
        CNS signs
        
        Fenbendazole PO, Ivermectin SQ
      - Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
        (cats)
        
        5% of cats
        
        Male has short bursa
        
        Eggs into alveoli - egg masses form nodules
        
        Penetrate terrestrial mollusk, molt twice to L3
        
        Reptiles, rodents, or birds are paratenic hosts
        
        Usually slight
        
        Heavy infection: chronic cough, gradual wasting, dyspnea, death
        
        Resp signs are due to embolism of alveolar vasculature and mechanical irritation
        
        Imidacloprid & Moxidectin single topical dose
        IVM injected SQ
      - Angiostrongylus vasorum
        French Heartworm
        (dogs/wild canids)
        
        Pulmonary arteries, right ventricles
        
        Smaller than D. immitis
        
        Eggs released in pulmonary circulation
        
        L1 coughed up and passed in feces
        
        Subclinical to fatal signs
        
        Cardiorespiratory signs
        
        Hemorrhage from L1 eruption
        
        CNS disease
        
        Interstitial pneumonia
        
        Milbemycine oxime PO
        
        Post-treatment complications - dyspnea & ascites
      - Filaroides (Oslerus) osleri
        (dog)
        
        Direct lifecycle (infective L1)
        
        Ovoviviparous
        
        Ingestion of regurgitated stomach contents, feces, or tissues containing L1s
        
        PPP: 6-7 months
        
        Signs
        
        Tracheobronchitis (can be confused with kennel cough)
        
        Spastic, hard, dry cough @ exercise or cold air
        
        Gray or pink nodule @ bifurcation of trachea
        
        Found at bifurcation of trachea
        
        Fenbendazole or ivermectin
      - Crenosoma vulpis
        (raccons & foxes)
        
        Bronchi and broncioles
        
        Ovoviparous female
        
        L1 exits with feces and develops into L3 inside snails/slugs
        
        No direct transmission
        
        Milbemycin oxime, Imidacloprid+Moxidectin, FBZ
  - - - Small, thin-shelled embryonated egg
      - Ingestion or skin penetration
      - Transmammary transmission
      - S. stercoralis
        (dogs & primates)
        
        Autoinfective - reproduction w/i definitive host
        
        Direct / indirect life cycle
        
        PPP: 10 days
      - No mouth capsule
      - Migration to gut
      - Genital primordian
      - S. papillosus
        (sheep)
        
        Common in young animals
        
        Transmammary transmission
        
        PPP: 1 week
      - S. vituli
        (cattle)
      - S. ransomi
        (swine)
        
        PPP: 9 days
        
        transmammary transmission
        
        Severe liquid diarrhea
      - S. westeri
        (horses)
        
        PPP: 14 days
        
        Transmammary transmission
        
        Wasting - severity of diarrhea
      - Pathogenesis
        
        Due to larval penetration
        
        Due to migration
        
        Due to adults in intestines
        
        Migration after autoinfection (stercoralis)
    - - Cattle, dogs, humans, rodents
      - No FDA approved drugs
      - Rhabditis bovis in cattle - otitis externa
      - Loss of fur, very itchy
    - - Ulcers around gums
      - Parthenogenic
      - Opportunistic pathogens
  - - - Toxacaris leonina
        dogs & cats
        
        No tracheal or somatic migration
        
        No prenatal or transmammary transmission
      - Toxacara canis
        dogs
        
        Eggs passed in feces
        
        2 weeks - larvae mature in egg & become infectious
        
        7 year persistence
        
        Paratenic rodent or bird
        
        Lighter infection
        
        PPP 4-5 weeks
        
        Large burden - obstructions
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Respiratory signs
        
        Pot belly / abdominal distress
      - Baylisascaris procyonis
        raccoons & dogs
        
        Somatic migration
        
        Large, neurotrophic larvae
        
        Zoonotic
      - Toxacara cati
        cats
        
        No prenatal transmission
        
        PPP: 5.5-8 weeks w/ egg ingestion
        
        Paratenic rodent
        
        PPP: 3 weeks, no migration o/s GI tract
    - - Ascaridia galli
        (chickens)
        
        Small intestine
        
        No tissue migration
        
        Small intestine damage/absorption issues
      - Subulroidea
        
        Heterakis gallinarum
        
        Vector of: Histomonas meleagridis
        (a protozoa)
        
        Parasite of cecum and liver
        
        Very deadly
        
        Turkeys worse than chickens
        
        Chickens are reservoir hosts
        
        Cecum
        
        Reduction in egg production
      - Ascaris suum
        (swine)
        
        Direct or earthworm transfer host
        (Mixed life cycle)
        
        Life cycle is the same
        
        PPP: 3-6 weeks
        
        SI -> penetrates wall -> portal vein -> liver
        
        L3 -> heart -> lungs -> bronchi -> trachea -> SI
        
        Tracheal migration
        
        Hatch in temperature dependent fashion
        
        Pathogenesis
        
        Milk spot lesions on liver
        
        Lungs - pneumonia and cough
        
        Diarrhea, weight loss (SI)
        
        Rarely: intestinal obstruction
      - Parascaris equorum
        (horses)
        
        PPP: 10-12 weeks
        
        Tissue migration
        
        Liver: no white spots
        
        Lungs/bronchi: pneumonia, nasal discharge, coughing
        
        SI: rare, impaction, peritonitis, death
        
        Long-lived eggs
      - Toxocara virtulorum
        (young calves)
        
        Rare in NA
        
        Transmammary transmission
        
        Zoonotic
        
        Only migrate in adults (not calves)
  - - - PPP: 4-5 months
      - Cecum and colon
      - Eggs on the perianal skin - irritation
      - L4: feed on mucosa of colon
        
        erosion, ulcers
      - Adults feed on intestinal contents
      - Eggs: slightly flattened on one side - plug on one end
  - - - Trichuris
        whipworms
        
        T. suis
        (swine)
        
        PPP: 41-47 days
        
        Direct life cycle
        
        Signs
        
        Profuse diarrhea
        
        Anorexia, dehydration, emaciation
        
        Growth retardation
        
        Survive for years in soil
        
        T. vulpis
        (dogs)
        
        PPP: 70-90 days
        
        Mature in 1 mo and survive years
        
        Clinical signs w/ heavy infection
        
        Profuse diarrhea
        
        Straining
        
        Rarely anemia and death
        
        Can pick up from dog parks
        
        T. ovis
        (ruminants)
        
        Non-pathogenic
        
        T. trichiura
        (simian primates)
        
        Pathogenic
      - Capillaria
        
        Dogs, cats, foxes
        
        C. boehmi
        (frontal nasal sinus)
        
        PPP: 40 days
        
        Runny nose, sneezing
        
        C. aerophila
        (bronchi)
        
        PPP:30 days
        
        Coughing, dyspnea
        
        C. plica
        (urinary bladder)
        
        PPP: 60 days
        
        Hematuria, dysuria, pollakuria
        
        Birds
        
        C. contorta
        (crop and esophagus)
        
        Ruminants
        
        C. bovis
        (small intestine)
        
        Rodents
        
        C. hepatica
        (liver)
        
        Bipolar-plugged eggs
        
        Earthworms
      - Trichinella
        
        Trichinella spiralis
        
        Newborn larvae migrate to muscle cells
        
        Encyst in muscle as L1
        
        Larvae digested out of meat/muscle fiber
        
        Signs
        
        Loose stool & vomiting
        
        Weakness
        
        Muscle stiffness & discomfort
        
        Trichinella murrelli
        
        Trichinella nativa
        (Arctic)
        
        L1 not encapsulated in muscle
        
        Trichinella pseudospiralis
        (wildlife and birds)
  - - - Right kidney or abdominal cavity
  - - - Esophageal nodule w/ adult worms
      - Eggs in feces (paperclip eggs)
      - Coprophagous beetles ingest eggs
      - L3s migrate up celiac a.
        
        Burrow out of aorta & move to esophagus
        
        Lesions in aortic lining
      - PPP: 6 months
      - Metastatic osteosarcoma in lung
      - Spondylosis - mitogens cause abnormalities in spinal column
    - - Long, red adult worms like squiggles
      - No giant nodules
      - Egg in fecal floatations
    - - Adults in stomach of host
      - Usually asymptomatic
    - - Copepod vector (waterborne arthropod)
      - Ruptures cyst and adult worm extrudes
        
        Put paw in water and worm lays eggs
    - - Flies get larvae on mouth parts, land on animals and feed to infect
      - Muzzle or eyes of horse (anything chronically wet)
      - Skin lesions on horse - non-healing cutaneous lesions
    - - Release eggs into tears
      - No GI tract
  - - - Undifferentiated prelarvae
      - Released into tissue
      - Infective stages for arthropods
    - - From eyes
      - Microfilaria in skin section
    - - Peritoneal cavity as adults
    - - Mosquito vectors (Culicidae)
      - L3 transmitted 2 wks after dev in mosquito
        
        Malpighian tubules
      - Signs
        
        Coughing
        
        Labored breathing
- - - - No copulatory bursa or buccal capsule