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Epispadias epispa (Complications (Kidney damage, Urethral damage,…
Epispadias
Definition
Urethral meatus opens dorsally on penis
Pathophysiology
Incomplete development of Urethra
Complications
Kidney damage
Urethral damage
Infertility
Abnormal appearance of the penis
Urinary incontinence
Treatment
Surgical repair
Signs & Symptoms
Backward flow of urine into the kidney
Urinary incontinence
Abnormal opening on tip of the penis
Urinary tract infections
Abnormal clitoris and labia
Diagnostic procedure
Blood test to check electrolyte levels
Pelvic X-ray
Physical examination
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
History taking
Causes
Genetics
Maternal age over 35
Birth defect
Exposure to certain substances during pregnancy
Bladder exstrophy
Nursing Care Plan
Suggest life-style modifications
Health education
Refer to urology department
Provide support
Post-operative Nursing care
