NEPHROTIC SYNDROME 
DEFINITION
Is a group of symptoms that indicate that the kidneys are not functioning as they should.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
CAUSES
A problem with the kidney filters not functioning the way they should resulting in Nephrotic Syndrome
The damage to the kidney filters is a resultant of diseases that damage the kidneys.
Swelling in the legs, feet, ankles and hands.
Weight gain.
Tiredness.
Foamy or bubbly urine.
Loss of appetite.
TREATMENT
BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATIONS
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors lowers blood pressure and amount of protein in urine e.g. Benazepril, Enalapril.
WATER PILLS
Diuretics assist in maintaining swelling by increasing kidney fluid output e.g. Furosemide.
CHOLESTEROL REDUCING MEDICATIONS
Statins assist in reducing cholesterol levels e.g. Atorvastatin, Fluvastatin.
BLOOD THINNERS
Anticoagulants assist to decrease the bloods ability to clot to lower the risk of blood clots.
IMMUNE SYSTEM - SUPPRESSING MEDICATIONS
Corticosteroids assist with lowering inflammation that is associated with underlying conditions.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The glomerular basement membrane becomes damaged resulting in expanded permeability.
This enables proteins of small molecular weight to be released into the Bowman's capsule and proximal tubule.
As the condition progresses larger proteins get released and eliminated in urine.
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Diuretics to manage oedema.
Monitoring of intake and output to avoid fluid loss.
Immunosuppressive agents may be given and corticosteroids.
Urinalysis test must be done daily.
A diet that contains high protein will be prescribed to avoid protein loss.
Bed rest for severe Oedema.
DIAGNOSIS
URINE TESTS
Can show abnormalities, large proteins visible in urine.
BLOOD TESTS
May reveal reduced levels of protein albumin.
Serum creatinine and blood urea may be measured to observe the functioning of the kidney.
DIET
PROTEIN
The amount of protein to be ingested depends on the damage of the kidney.
A diet that includes low to moderate protein is best.
SALT
Limit amount of salt in the diet to prevent swelling and to maintain the blood pressure at healthy levels.
FAT
Include a diet that are low in saturated fats and cholesterol to prevent high cholesterol.