Bladder neoplasm/cancer

defination a disease in which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body

signs and symptoms

Blood in urine (hematuria)

Painful urination

Pelvic pain

Back pain

Causes

Smoking and other tobacco use

Exposure to chemicals, especially working in a job that requires exposure to chemicals

Past radiation exposure

Chronic irritation of the lining of the bladder

Parasitic infections, especially in people who are from or have traveled to certain areas

Types

• Urothelial carcinoma

• Squamous cell carcinoma

• Adenocarcinoma

• Squamous cell carcinoma

Risk factors

• Smoking

• Increasing age

• Being a man

• Exposure to certain chemicals

• Previous cancer

• Personal or family history of cancer

Prevention

• Don't smoke

• Take caution around chemicals

• Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables

Diagnosis

Biopsy

Cytoscopy

Urine cytology

Imaging tests

Treatment

• Surgery

• Reconstruction

• Chemotherapy

• Radiation therapy

• Immunotherapy

Pathophysiology

Genetic or epigenetic alterations of tumour suppressor genes, growth factor receptors, and DNA repair genes are all thought to be responsible. Established molecular biomarkers and expression profiles of bladder cancer are useful candidates in the early prediction or recurrence of bladder cancers.