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Bladder neoplasm/cancer (Risk factors (• Smoking, • Increasing age,…
Bladder neoplasm/cancer
defination a disease in which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body
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Causes
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Exposure to chemicals, especially working in a job that requires exposure to chemicals
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Parasitic infections, especially in people who are from or have traveled to certain areas
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Pathophysiology
Genetic or epigenetic alterations of tumour suppressor genes, growth factor receptors, and DNA repair genes are all thought to be responsible. Established molecular biomarkers and expression profiles of bladder cancer are useful candidates in the early prediction or recurrence of bladder cancers.