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Year 9 History (Industrial Revolution (Developments in Agriculture…

- - - - There was are move in the British parliament passed 4000 enclosure acts
      - These areas were enclosed by hedges or stone walls
      - This caused a social unrest as the poor people were forced off of the land
      - The poor people then flooded into the cities
      - This was the start of urbanisation
    - - The people owning the land developed a system to rotate their crops to keep the soil rich
        
        3 field system
        
        Barley
        
        Fallow
        
        Wheat
        
        Rotating these resources gave them the food they needed and rich soil to grow it on
        
        4 field system
        
        Barley
        
        Vegetables
        
        Wheat
        
        Clover
        
        rotating these resources gave them more food and richer soil
    - - In the early to mid 1800's, new farm machines were being made
        
        reaping machines for harvesting the crops
        
        threshing machines to separate the valuable grain from the stalks of wheat and barley
        
        Mechanical drills for planting seeds
      - These machines made farming far more efficient
      - In the 1840's, fertilisers were made
      - There were also improvements in animal breeding and rearing
  - - - Invented by John Kay in 1733
      - more efficient way of weaving on hand looms
      - Only required one weaver to shoot the yarn from one side of the loom to the other
      - Useful for very wide looms
      - Could produce more cloth quickly
      - Increased the demand for yarn
    - - helped increase the supply of yarn
      - could spin 8 threads at once
      - Invented by James Hargreaves in 1765
      - traditional spinning wheel could only spin one thread
    - - importing raw cotton from India and the USA
      - First wheels powered by waterwheels
      - needed to be located to strong flowing water
      - combining the spinning jenny's carriages and the water frame's rollers
      - After steam powered, mills could be located in cities
      - Invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779
      - did not need skilled workers so women and children were employed because they were cheaper
    - - It had a spinning frame
      - It was an improvement on James' invention
      - Invented by Richard Arkwright in 1768
      - Powered by the waterwheel
  - - - blacksmiths
      - cottage industries
      - millers
      - hand made
      - small workshops
    - - manufacturing by machines
      - repetitive tasks
      - very few were skilled
      - powered by water, then steam and then electricity
      - large number of people in single site
  - - - Because of this, wood supplies were dwindling
      - found a way to bake coal into coke
        
        coke was smokeless and much hotter that coal
      - Britain was producing a large amount of pig iron
  - - - Turnpike trusts
      - more reliable ways of crossing bridges
      - in the early 1700's the roads were maintained by the locals
      - after major floods, bridges were made from iron rather that stone
    - - 1830's - 1840's, rail tracks and iron bridge building increased
      - Iron production doubled
      - the first railway line was in 1825
      - Travel for holidays became more common
- - - - buildings
      - diaries
      - photographs
      - letters
  - - - position from which people understand events
    - - age
      - gender
      - Values
      - beliefs
  - - - long term
      - short term
- - - - imperial competition pushed countries to form alliances
      - Imperialism is the practice of taking over other countries
      - Countries take over other countries to gain more power
      - It was suggested that Germany was motivated by imperial ambitions to invade Belgium
    - - nationalism is the feeling of devotion for your country
      - It was a new and powerful source of tension in Europe
      - Nationalism created areas of interest over which nation could compete
      - Australia was invaded by Britain and divided into colonies. After the colonies were reunited, Australia still saw Britain as their motherland and helped fight in the war
    - - militarism refers to the idea about the importance of the military
      - during the late 19th century, there was an era of military competition
      - The British always had superior navy power but Germany tried to gain advantage over them but the British maintained power over Germany
    - - Franz Ferdinand and his wife were murdered
      - They were murdered by Serbian nationalist terrorist
    - - An alliance is a partnership between people, groups or countries
      - Before World War 1 there were two main alliances
        
        Triple Alliance
        
        Italy
        
        Otterman empire
        
        Germany
        
        Austria-hungary
        
        Triple Entente
        
        France
        
        Russia
        
        British empire
        
        The alliance system was supposed to keep the peace between the countries but instead built up the tension between