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Tissues & Stem Growth (Basic Types of cells and Tissues (Collenchyma,…

- - - - sclerids
        
        often dead at maturity
      - fibers
        
        long
        
        many types are dead other types remain alive and are involved in storage
    - - tracheids
        
        long and narrow with tapered ends
        
        dead at maturity
        
        found in all vascular plants
      - vessel elements
        
        short and wide with perpendicular end walls
        
        dead at maturity
        
        found in flowering plants and a few nonflowering
  - - - soft leaves
      - petals
      - fruit and seeds
- - - - internodes
        
        regions between nodes
  - - - protects delicate organs inside
  - - - distichous
        
        leaves located in two rows only
      - decussate
        
        leaves located in 4 rows
      - whorled
        
        three or more leaves per node
      - opposite
        
        leaves two per node
      - spiral
        
        leaves not aligned with their nearest neighbor
      - alternate
        
        leaves one per node
- - - - shields delicate internal cells from abrasion of dust particles, passing of animals, or leaves and stems that might rub together
      - barrier against invasion of bacteria, fungi, and small insects
      - preventing loss of water to air
        
        outer tangential wall encrusted with cutin
        
        cutin builds up a layer called the cuticle
      - reflectivity protects plant from overheating in bright sunlight
  - - - Xylem
        
        water and minerals enter the xylem through the roots and are conducted upwards to the leaves and stems
        
        two types of conducting cells
        
        tracheids
        
        shape
        
        long and narrow
        
        ends pointed
        
        secondary wall
        
        helical
        
        scalariform
        
        reticulate
        
        annular
        
        circular bordered pits
        
        perforations
        
        none
        
        vessel elements
        
        Secondary Wall
        
        helical
        
        scalariform
        
        reticulate
        
        annular
        
        circular border pits
        
        Perforations
        
        usually 2
        
        one in each end wall
        
        terminal members with only one
        
        Shape
        
        short and wide
        
        ends usually flat
      - Pholem
        
        only primary walls
        
        must remain alive in order to conduct
        
        Parenchchyma cells
        
        2 types of conducting cells
        
        Sieve cells
        
        sieve areas
        
        located over all the cell surface
        
        small
        
        associated cells
        
        albuminous cells
        
        Shape
        
        long and narrow
        
        ends pointed
        
        plant division
        
        all nonangiosperm vascular plants
        
        Sieve tube members
        
        shape
        
        short and wide
        
        ends usually flat
        
        sieve areas
        
        on side walls
        
        small
        
        on end walls
        
        very large
        
        associated cells
        
        companion cells
        
        plant division
        
        angiosperm only
  - - - located just interior to the cortex
    - - contains both xylem and phloem running parallel to each other
    - - the vascular bundle phloem
    - - the xylem of a vascular bundle