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Biochemistry (The Structure and Function of Large biological molecules…
Biochemistry
The Structure and Function of Large biological molecules
Concept: Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
Lipids
phospholipid
phospholipid is similar to a fat molecule but has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three.
Ex. Choline
Fats
A fatty acid has a long carbon skeleton, usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length
Such a structure is said to be saturated with hydrogen, and the resulting fatty acid is therefore called a saturated fatty acid
An unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon.
Ex. Vegtable oil
A fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
Steroids
Ex. Cholesteral
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.
Concept: Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
Proteins
Amino acid monomers
Ex. carboxyl groups
An amino acid is an organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group
Polypeptotides
structure and function
secondary structure- the result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide
The primary structure of a protein is its sequence of amino acids
Quaternary structure is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits.
Concept: Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
Carbonhydrates
Monosacchardes
Ex. Glucose
Simple sugars
In the process known as cellular respiration, cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down in a series of reactions
Disaccharide
a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
consists of two monosaccharides joined
by a glycosidic linkage
Ex., maltose is a disaccharide formed by the linking of two molecules of glucose
Polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides
Both plants and animals store sugars for later use in the form of storage polysaccharides
Ex. Starch
starch represents stored energy.
Structural Polysaccharides
Organisms build strong materials from structural polysac-charides.
Ex. cellulouse
chitin- the carbohydrate used by arthropods
polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
Concept: Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
Nucleic Acids
The roles of nucleic acids
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
conveys genetic instructions for building proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
RNA called messenger RNA
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ex. ATCG
The information that programs all the cell’s activi-ties is encoded in the structure of the DNA
Adenosine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
Double helix
The components
polynucleotides
Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides
Ex. DNA
pyrimidine
Ex. Cytocine, Thymine, and Uracil
has one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
Purine
ix ring fused to five ring
Ex. Adanine, Guanine
Nucleotide
Concept: Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
Polymers
Enzymes
Make and breaking down polymers
Hydrolysis reaction
Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis
Ex. digestion
a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction
Dehydration reaction
The reaction connecting monomers
Ex. The reaction connecting monomers
One monomer provides a hydroxyl group (¬OH), while the other provides a hydrogen (¬H)
Concept: Genonomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
genomics
Biologists often look at problems by analyzing large sets of genes or even compar-ing whole genomes of different species
Ex. Large set of genes
proteomics
Ex. protein sequences
A similar analysis of large sets of proteins, includ-ing their sequences
bioinformatics
Ex. Tech
the use of computer software and other computational tools that can handle and analyze these large data sets.
Carbon and the molecular diverity of life
Concept: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compunds
Carbon: The Backbone of Life
Carbon enters atmosphere by producers
Ex. Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates,
Compounds containing carbon are suppose to be organic
Organic molecules and the Origin of Life on Earth
Carbon is able to build four bonds which result into the ability to make a variety of organic molecules
Overall elementsof life are C, H, O, S, and P
Fossils are made of carbon
Concept: Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
The formation of bonds with Carbon
Hydrocarbons
organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
Ex. petrolium
Hydroden atoms attach to carbon skeleton where electrons are available for coavlent bonding
Valence
The number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell of an atom is generally equal to the atom’s valence
Ex. hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
the number of covalent bonds it can form.
Carbon has 6 electrons
2 in first shell
4 in second shell
8 valance electrons by sharing qith other atoms to make covalent bonds
Ex: methane (CH4)
Isomers
Structual isomers
Isomers are two molecules with the same molecular formula but differ structurally
Ex. propyl alcohol
Isomers are two molecules with the same molecular formula but differ structurally
Cis- trans isomers
where the functional groups appear on opposite sides of the double bond.
Enatiomers
molecules cannot be placed on top of one another and give the same molecule.
important in the pharmaceutical industry because the two enantiomers of a drug may not be equally effective
Concept: A few chemical groups are key to molecular function
Functional groups
Each has certain properties, such as shape and charge
Ex: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulf-hydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups
chemical groups are directly involved in chemical reactions
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
storing the potential to react with water.
Ex. Phospate ion