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Bio chapter 2-3 (Chemical Bonds (The periodic table is a chart of the…

- - - - The atomic mass indicates the total number of protons & neutrons
        
        When the number of neutrons vary this is called a isotope. For example oxygen has a atomic mass of 15.999
      - Electrons again orbit around the nucleus on electron clouds.
      - The electron clouds are arranged in energy levels the first energy level can hold up to 2 electrons, the next energy level can hold up to 8 electrons, and the third energy level can hold 18
      - The electrons on outer most energy level are called valence electrons.
        
        The valence electrons are able to interact with other atoms valence electrons.
        
        The Octet Rule - any atoms with partially filled energy levels are unstable. those atoms will react with other atoms to try to establish full outer energy levels.
        
        The rule states that most atoms will make bonds with one or more other atoms in order to fill their outer energy levels or get 8 electrons in their outer energy level.
        
        Ionic bonds occur between atoms that transfer electrons from one to the other
        
        Atoms with charges due to the gain or loss of electrons are called ions.
        
        Positively charged ion are cations, while negatively charged ions are called anions. anions and cations are attracted to each other because they opposite this called ionic bonds. ( weak bonds) they are very important in how solutions dissolve
        
        Covalent bond are when atoms equally share a valence electron
        
        polar covalent bond are when two valence electrons are not shared equally and one atom uses the electron more then the other.
        
        All molecules formed by one element bonded to itself are non polar bonds
        
        Hydrogen bonds are weak attractive forces between any polar molecules. They are more widely spread out and can be separated easily.
- - - - But all atoms in a element are all the exact same.
    - - when bonded, they cannot be easily broken by physical actions, and if they do happen to broken up the changes that occur when broken up have a different characteristics which makes up a entire different thing and this referred to as a compound.
      - The most common compound is H2O which means it is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. They form a a liquid called water which is not and element
      - When atoms are bonded together but do not mix it is called a mixture.
    - - Protons and neutrons make up of 1 Dalton.
        
        The mass of a specific atoms is made up of the protons and the neutrons weight in the nucleus.
  - - - Solid objects contain molecules that vibrate in place. Liquids molecules slide past each other. Gases molecules bounce around freely.
      - Water is a compound that contains all states of matter solid, liquid, and gas
      - The actual measurement if kinetic energy is or energy of movement of a particular molecule is its temperature.
        
        So all objects have some degree of heat even ice
        
        Absolut zero or -273 C or 0 Kelvin is the point at which molecular movement stops, but this does not happen naturally.
        
        Increasing the temperature of the intercellular molecules speeds up the chemical reaction while decreasing the chemical reaction slows chemical reaction.
- - - - The number of each type of atom in a molecule is given a subscript number next to the symbol
      - C6H12O6
      - H2O
    - - The number in front of the chemical formulas
    - - Indicate that this a ionic compound which is a compound that has lost or gained electrons
      - Na+ Cl-
      - The chemical formula though does not always include the plus or the negative sign so it is important to include check the period table to be sure of the subscripts.
    - - the notation for a chemically reaction is normally written with reactants
      - The starting ingredients on the left
    - - The ending results on the right side of the equation
    - - For example water, if you add but oxidation number being hydrogen with +1 or -1 and oxygen being -2 then you get zero.
      - The positive part of a compound should be written before the negative part.
      - A combination of atoms can only be stable if the charges, or oxidation number add up to zero