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Developmental psychology (B) Development Tasks of childhood (Language (1)…

- - - - science of epigenetics now reveals new insight into how environmental influences leave a physical imprint on our genetic underpinnings, thus validating the important role of the environment even further.
- - - - Differentiation: Genetic plan to determine how all the organs will ultimately be part of the newborn
        
        Development of anatomical sex
      - Embryonic stem cells: forming any organ of the body
    - - spontaneous movements and basic reflexes begin to appear
      - ability to recognize certain sounds and rhythms shortly after birth
    - - Fertilized egg(zygote) becomes an embryo. Connects to mother's body and affected by anything she eats, drinks or expose to.
  - - - Impair development of language ability
  - - - Visual : Prefers human faces
      - Basic number awareness
      - Taste: Prefers sweet
      - Strong Auditory Preference for native language (Nurture)
    - - Mimicry (Nurture)
      - Mirror Neurons (Nature)
      - Synchronicity: The close coordination between the gazing, vocalizing, touching and smiling of infants and caregivers.
    - - Rooting reflex: Turn their heads toward anything that strokes their cheeks
      - Stepping reflex: Helps prepare to walk
      - Grasping reflex : Cling to caregiver
      - Cooing, smiling, crying: Build social relationships
      - Postural Reflex: Allow to sit with support
  - - - The process of trimming unused brain connections, making neurons available for future development
    - - Some domains stimulation must occur during a specific “window of opportunity,” or the ability will not develop normally E.g. Language Skills
    - - An adaptive process—the more time spent on these activities, the better equipped the brain and body become in that domain, thus preparing the individual for success in that particular environment.
    - - maturation dictates the general time frame in which an individual becomes biologically ready for a new phase, the environment can speed up or slow down the exact time of development.
      - constraints placed on development by heredity
    - - Ainsworth (1989) attachment style
        
        Insecure Attachment
        
        Anxious - ambivalent
        
        Avoidant
        
        Secure attachment
    - - a close, interactive relationship with loving adults is a child’s first step toward healthy physical growth and normal socialization
      - Harlow (1965) the stimulation and reassure derived from physical touch
      - Field (1986) - massage for premature babies
- - - - Flexible listening rules or guidelines for perceiving langauge
    - - "Want cookie"
    - - "walked, walking"
  - - - b) Preoperational Stage ( Age 2 to 7 years of age)
        
        Egocentrism (unable to see the perspective of others)
        
        Animistic thinking ( Giving objects alive)
        
        Centration & Conservation
        
        Irreversibility ( Kids cannot work backwards)
      - C) the concrete operational stage ( 7 to 11 years of age)
        
        Mental operation: Solving a problem by manipulating images in one’s mind.
        
        Incapable of abstract thought
        
        Conservation
      - a) The sensorimotor stage (birth to about Age 2)
        
        Separation Anxiety
        
        Goal-directed behaviour (experimenting with different objects and see their responses)
        
        Object permanence
        
        Mental representations
      - D) formal operations ( approximately 12+ years)
- - - - Sexual orientation
  - - - increase in estrogen and testosterone levels
        
        increase in risk-taking
        
        increase sensation-seeking
        
        more awareness with new activites
  - - - Diffusion of responsibility
      - Dehumanization
      - Cognitive restructuring
      - Strategy for overcoming
        
        Making a commitment to moral behaviour prior to event
        
        Signing a statement
- - - - the ability to look back on life without regrets and to enjoy a sense of wholeness
    - - adults taking control of their bodies in ways that are reducing the deterioration long thought to be inevitable.
    - - Brain-imaging studies reveal that older people’s brains compensate for decline by processing information differently, bringing more regions into play
      - mental exercise keeps aging brains working more effectively.