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EXP 121 Hydration & Purification (Iodine (Iodine is no longer…
EXP 121 Hydration & Purification
Water Sources ZS
Avoid non moving water, ponds etc. ZS
Be aware of potently nearby contaminants. ZS
Moving water is the best chance for clean water. ZS
Do not automatically trust moving water to be clean, purify regardless of potential quality. ZS
The more upstream, the cleaner the water is (ACK)
When collecting water from a source but a cloth over your bottle to keep out larger debris AJ
DO NOT CONTAMINATE WATER SOURCES (MK)
dispose of waste at least 150ft from water
use biodegradable soap if needed
avoid if possible
In areas with lots of water, filtering water multiple times throughout the day can be good TK
You don't have to carry an entire day's water all the time TK
If you plan on refilling no concern over drinking too much water TK
Hollow Fiber filters BR
Filters bacteria
Filters protozoa
Does not filter heavy metal
Does not filter viruses
light
easy to use
useless when frozen
can become clogged with dirt and sand (LZ)
Fits into any kit BG
Boiling Water BR
Time consuming
requires heat source
Water must boil for around 5 minutes to be effective
Don't rush the water boiling or you will get sick, don't risk it. (ACK)
Water does not need to be boiled for 5 minutes unless at high altitude- Steve (LZ)
Might taste funny BG
You can aerate it by pouring it from container to container fro several minutes (AW)
Needs prefilter as chunks are still present
May be effective in winter conditions
Increased boiling time needed at higher altitudes
Dehydration (ACK)
low levels of dehydration can cause headaches, lethargy, and constipation (ACK)
Dehydration can also lead to a loss of strength and stamina (ACK)
your body will be unable to perform its normal functions including attention and memory (ACK)
the symptoms associated with dehydration will lead to having a bad mood and accelerate fatigue, a potentially dangerous situation to be in for yourself and the group.
The human body is roughly 75 percent water. Without this water, it cannot survive (ACK)
half liter of water per hour of moderate activity in moderate temperatures. You may need to increase how much you drink as the temperature and intensity of the activity rise (ACK)
signs and symptoms (ACK)
Feeling thirsty (ACK)
dry throat and lack of saliva (LZ)
Dark urination (ACK)
Feeling dizzy and/or lightheaded (ACK)
Tiredness (ACK)
Urinating very little (ACK)
increased weight loss (LZ)
Headache BG
Dehydration effects on the brain (AM)
impaired short-term memory (AM)
decreased alertness & concentration (inability to focus) (AM)
impaired visual-motor skills (AM)
Impaired perceptual discrimination (AM)
impaired arithmetic skills (AM)
impaired psychomotor skills (AM)
Electrolytes
Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals and compounds that help your body do much of its work — producing energy and contracting your muscles, etc (ACK)
Electrolyte tablets you put in water are lightweight and a good option AJ
GATORADE POWDER (MK)
as soon as you are thirsty, you have begun to slip into dehyrdration (MK)
Being hydrated ZS
Water flushes cellular waste out of your body to keep you right ZS
Take small sips of water instead of big gulps so it can be absorbed ZS
You can go a long time without water (about a week) but will drastically decrease in ability in that time frame ZS
Aim for 1 litre an hour when working hard, you don't need to slam as much water at camp etc. ZS
Electrolytes ZS
Crucial for brain function, allows nerve function in brain etc ZS
Can be found in salty food to help in water absorption ZS
Drink mixes like Gatorade can quickly replenish lost electrolytes RS
Goog idea to bring electrolyte packets on trips (AW)
Ex: gatorade packets or pedialyte packets (AW)
Drinking too much water without sodium intake can lead to hyponatremia ZS
You can only absorb about 1 litre per hour, drinking more than that is almost useless, you'll urinate it out ZS
Signs of dehydration ZS
No sweat ZS
Lack of urinating ZS
Dark colored urine ZS
Vomiting ZS
headache (LZ)
dizziness (LZ)
Try to drink around 4 liters a day especially when working hard AJ
Water balance is influenced by water input versus water output (AM)
factors that can influence water balance (AM)
environmental conditions (AM)
level of physical activity (AM)
dietary intake (AM)
age (AM)
Drink a liter of water before you do anything in the morning TK
A good way to force yourself to start hydrated TK
Staying hydrated is much easier than getting hydrated TK
Iodine
Limited effectiveness in cold temps
Does not treat Cryptosporidium
May add chemical taste to tater
Iodine is no longer recommended, there are health risks and better alternatives - Steve (LZ)
Thyroid disease (AW)
iodine allergy (AW)
Can make water taste funny AJ
It is important to filter or allow dirty water to settle (AW)
Too much organic matter uses up the iodine
leaves a weird taste (AW)
Eliminate this by adding a tiny bit of Vitamin C after treatment is complete(AW)
Available in tablet, crystal, or resin form (AW)
its effectiveness depends on the temp of the water (AW)
works better if water is warmer (AW)
easy to carry (AW)
fast to use (AW)
its recommended for pregnant and young people not to use (AW)
Needs to be kept away from sunlight TK
Chlorine dioxide
15 minute kill time for bacteria and viruses, 4 hour kill time for cryptosporidium
lorine Dioxide is as quick as iodine when treating the same contaminants, it only takes longer when treating the contaminants that iodine cannot- steve (LZ)
Comes in tablets BG
Kills viruses by not allowing proteins to form BG
More effective than chlorine alone BG
Strong Stuff BG
Ultraviolet
bills bacteria and viruses in clear water
expensive compared to other methods (LZ)
Battery powered (LZ)
prone to breaking. not reliable enough to be your main source of purification (LZ)
A great backup method to add to a essentials kit RS
The UV tube wears after about 5000 uses (AW)
Needs prefilter, chunks are still in there
Can only filter small amounts of water at a time ~16oz TK
household bleach
effective against giardia, E. Coli. ineffective against cryptosporidium (LZ)
makes water taste like a pool (LZ)
lightweight (LZ)
To much will harm you. I probably wouldn't use it BG
Pump Filters
heavier than other methods (LZ)
can't pack down as small as other methods (LZ)
uses energy to filter water (LZ)
Purifies water quickly AJ
Filters can crack in the cold and become useless without you knowing TK
Squeeze bag filters function the same but are lighter and smaller TK
Aqua tabs AJ
Lightweight AJ
Purifies water quickly, 30 minutes AJ
1 tablet purifies 1 liter of water AJ
Inexpensive and comes in abundance AJ
Best used in environments that are cleaner like the Adirondacks AJ
Gravity Bags AJ
Best used if in a larger group AJ
Can hold a lot of water
Can just let bag sit while the water fills up your bottle AJ
Make sure filter is on correctly (HS)
Made from food-grade Thermoplastic Polyurethane Plastic that is waterproof and strong (HS)
The placement allows the unwanted sediments to fall to the bottom of the bag and not into the filter (HS)
Can roll up/easy to pack
A clamp stops the water form just coming out (HS)
While the bag is strong, if it does rip your water purification is out of commission TK
Hydration Systems RS
Bladder Style RS
Great packability, often times packs are designed with a specific water bladder pocket RS
Easily hydrate while on the move or engaging in the activity RS
Less stops when hiking RS
Depending on the brand, bladders can directly connect with gravity filters or other water purification methods RS
Probably the most popular water system for day hikers / adventurists RS
Hard to keep track of how much you are drinking RS
Hard to know exactly how much water you have left RS
Generally lightweight but fragile RS
Hard to purify completely because of the tube BG
may require backwashing to clean
may be damaged in freezing temperatures
Tucking the tube into your jacket will keep it from freezing (TK)
Insulated tubes work, but the bite valve at the end is not insulated and will freeze TK
Blowing air back into the tube after you drink can also help by removing any water that could freeze TK
Makes hydrating easier TK
The easier it is, the more you drink TK
Improves efficiency when you don't need to stop and drink from a bottle, Very helpful when ski touring TK
Bottle System RS
Generally heavier RS
Easy to control your water consumption over the day RS
More durable than bladders RS
Smartwater bottles are fairly durable and light, nalgenes are heavier but virtually indestructible RS
One significant advantage is that most chemical purification methods use a nalgene as their official water measurement ie drops per nalgene RS
Many pump filters can screw into the top of bottles RS
Bladder style bottles exist like platypus' bottle combining the lighter weight of bladders with the advantages of bottles.RS
bottle
Nalgene is a sustainable company BG
Combining the bottle and bladder systems can resolve the issue of unknowingly running out of water in your bladder RS
Bladders can be unreliable at times BG
Can be damaged easily BG
Nalgenes (HS)
Made from recyclable material (HS)
Good amount of volume (HS)
Light when carrying without water (HS)
Can keep you warm at night (HS)
You can purify water with chemicals in them (HS)
The lid doesn't detach (HS)
Can be used as a storage container (HS)
Withstand very high temperatures (HS)
Can be used to pee in (HS)
they are compatible with a water filter system (MK)
Boiling water put in a Nalgene inside of your sleeping bag can keep you warm in very cold conditions TK
Water from Snow and Ice (AW)
You could use your fuel to melt snow and ice. (AW)
The best way to do this is to fill a black stuff sack and hang it in the sun (AW)
Be sure to carry enough fuel. Melting lots of snow will burn more than you think TK
Chlorine BG
When used correctly, it kills bacteria BG
but it is not as effective on killing viruses and cysts BG
If used incorrectly it can be bad for you BG
Water's role in the human body (AM)
Water plays an essential role in metabolic processing (AM)
balances electrolytes (AM)
regulating body temperature (AM)
acting as lubricant for internal organs and joints (AM)
LIFE STRAW: (MK)
filters are replaceable (MK)
Can be singular straw for one user (MK)
can be a water bottle with straw/filter attachment (MK)
can be a gravity bag or larger container (MK)
pieces are dishwasher safe for cleaning (MK)
downside is that it is a single tube so it is easy to clog (MK)
filters are only good for up to 100L of water (MK)
the water bottles can only filter up to 1L at a time (MK)
the straw itself is only good for when there are water sources available to drink directly from (MK)
includes carbon filter AND membrane micro-filter (MK)
can be useful on short day trips (MK)
Always carry backup purification. One is none and two is one TK
Two part chemical purification TK
Light and compact
Combine 5 drops of each part in the mixing cap, wait 5 minutes and add to 1L of water. Wait 15 min, or 30+ if cryptosporidium is suspected
Can be ruined if one part gets into the other bottle
Good backup purification to filters or UV
try to have a back up filtration system in the event the primary one fails. life straws and droplets are great due to the compact nature. [LP]
A tablets efficiency depends on the temperature of the water. the warmer the water, the faster it purifies, the colder, the longer. [LP]
its important not to forget to "thread" water through the cap of your bottle to remove any microbes that are stuck to the inside. [LP]
life straws are good for an individual but it's not ideal as a backup for large groups. [LP]
People
Steve
Zachary Smith
Amelia Carter-Kelly (ACK)
Ben Rosenberg BR
Ben Koblensky
Logan Zeeuw
Andrew Jarvis AJ
Haley Steffey (HS)
Ryan Szuch RS
Audri Walworth (AW)
Brian Graf BG
Amy Macaluso
Michaela Kruger (MK)
Tim Kelleher
People 2
Kate Hale (KH)
Caper Loomis (CL)
Mark
Daniel (DG)
Sylvie
Al Merle (AM)
Erik (EF)
Billy G (BG)
Andie (AC)
stevie g
Matt W
gabe
EXP 121 Hydration & Purification
Dehydration (KH)
Symptoms (KH)
Feeling tired (KH)
Feeling thirsty (KH)
Dark pee (KH)
Lightheadedness (KH)
Dry lips, mouth or eyes (KH)
Headaches - MO
sweating stops (BG)
double vision (BG)
palpitations (BG)
Tachycardia/Bradycardia (BG)
impaired function of mental capacity to make decisions etc. (AC)
Treatment (KH)
Drink plenty of water (KH)
In some situations medical professionals may need to be contacted (KH)
If body temp. rises due to dehydration, cold compress can be applied to the wrists, neck, armpits and groin area.
When rehydrating, sip don't chug - MO
Hydration tablets (BG)
Nuun electrolytes (BG)
have sodium and other essential minerals(BG)
have stopped lightheadedness and faint feeling after long runs on hot days personally (BG)
easy to pre make and throw In a hydration vest on the go to quickly replace salts lost In sweat (BG)
Easy way to replenish minerals lost that could increase affects of dehydration, plus they taste good (AC)
Do not take the place of regular water. MW
Rest for a few hours and eat a good meal (AC)
Prevention (KH)
Drink plenty of water (KH)
Sip is better than gulps
Eating watery foods such as fruit can boost water intake (KH)
Avoid caffeinated drinks (KH)
Clear urine is not good either, it means you've drank too much and your body is wasting water - MO
Atleast a litre of water every 2 hours - EF
avoid direct sun for long periods of time (BG)
avoid long periods of Intense activity If water Is scarce (BG)
Try very hard to not let this happen when you're leading a group somewhere. Being dehydrated impairs your mental capabilities and you wouldn't want to be putting your group in danger because you didn't take care of yourself. (AC)
Hydration systems (CL)
Backpack bladders (CL)
not incredibly durable (CL)
hard to repair in-field (CL)
convenient for backpacking (CL)
different components that need to be cleaned frequently (CL)
mouthpiece can get debris in it if you aren't careful (CL)
fits into its own compartment in backpack so it doesn't take up extra space (CL)
Difficult to track water intake accurately - MO
Can add an inline filter to the drinking hose - MO
Water bottles (CL)
Nalgene (CL)
Water measurements on the side of the bottle help to measure water intake and helps in measuring out water for rehydrating food - MO
Extremely durable, company will replace it if you break it - MO
Comes in 1 liter and 1.5 liter models - MO
Can screw onto a water pump for easy purification. MW
Grayl Geopress (CL)
built in filter (CL)
fill and go, filters when you drink from it (CL)
LifeStraw universal (CL)
can be inserted into any water bottle provided the top can fit and screw on, can by different straw lengths and cap types depending on water bottle (CL)
Lifestraw bottle, (BG)
can scoop water from anywhere and transport It (BG)
do not touch or drink from Inside (BG)
dont let mouth straw touch contaminated water (BG)
replace filter every 1000 liters (BG)
do not pop filter out and drink through It like Its a straw, Its tempting but It touches contaminated water In the bottle (BG)
Water jugs (CL)
good when driving across country (CL)
can store a lot of water (CL)
Can be helpful on certain boating ventures (AC)
very heavy (CL)
typically made out of durable plastic (CL)
typically have a shape to them so have to be packed around (CL)
can take some serious damage before they aren't useable (CL)
can sometimes be easily repaired with tape (BG)
Dromedarys
Can be used to supply water to groups and you can easily use things like aquamira to purify the whole bag of water (AC)
Can be used for showers when warmed in the sun and hung up on a tree (AC)
Can supply water for a longer time period than just waterbottles (You can fill you're water bottles in the water source and fill the dromedary at the same time and have plentiful amount of water for cooking and filling water bottles in the morning (AC)
Doesnt take up much space in your pack (AC)
Water filtration systems (CL)
Platypus GravityWorks (CL)
Can get clogged if water is not strained before(DG)
easily transported(DG)
Does not filter out chemicals.(DG)
Easy to setup and use - EF
Easy to maintain, filter can be cleaned easily. - EF
Sawyer Squeeze (CL)
Good as personal water filter, inefficient for large quantities of water - MO
Good in Emergency Situations - EF
Can be used with nearly any type of water - EF
Squeeze pack breaks very easily (AC)
Katadyn BeFree (CL)
Good personal filter, not suitable for large groups(DG)
Aquamira water treatment drops (CL)
Kills all bacteria, viruses, and protozoa
Imperative that you dose it correctly, miscounts can make chlorine gas (AM)
comprised of part A (chlorine dioxide) and Part B (phosphoric acid) AM
Per liter: dispense 7 drops of part A into the cap, then dispense 7 drops of part B into the cap and let it mix for 5 minutes
After 5 minutes of mixing, pour the solution into a liter of water, thread the bottle and wait 15 minutes before the water is good to drink (AM)
If the water is below 50 degrees fahrenheit, the second round of waiting takes 30 minutes instead of 15 (AM)
Research before the trip if Cryptosporidium is a concern in the area (AM)
If Cryptosporidium is a threat, the second round of waiting takes 4 hours instead of 15 or 30 (AM)
It can be tempting to up the dosage to 14 drops of each to treat 2 liters, and even continue more multiples of 7, but it is unsafe because there's no way to precisely divide the mixture so the right ratio gets into each bottle.
Er on the side of caution and mix separate solutions for every liter
Utilizes chlorine dioxide to oxidize living contaminants (AM)
Always flip the nalgene and Bleed the lid (BG)
Fairly quick option compared to others and doesn't take up much space like bigger filters would (AC)
Bacteria likes to live in the moist thread of the lid compared to the water. MW
UV water purification (CL)
Lightweight, works quickly, not as useful for purifying large quantities of water - MO
Kills Giardia and Cryptosporidium - MO
Can filter up to 50 liters of water before requiring recharging - MO
Filters up to 3,000 liters in total before requiring replacement
MSR Hand pump - EF
Pumps directly into Nalgeen - EF
Difficult to do for entire group - EF
If guiding for children, can be used to keep them busy - EF
Filter can be cleaned very easily - EF
Ceramic Filter filters out many things - EF
Chlorine tabs MW
Doesn't taste very good. MW
Will have to bleed through the top in order purify the threads and top. MW
Will kill all bacteria and some viruses. MW
Wait time of fifteen minutes to purify water fully. MW
Do not use more than a tab per liter due to the potency of the product. MW
Filter water through cloth or bandana first to filter big impurities. MW
Purification(DG)
Snow/ice(DG)
Burns a lot of fuel
melting in sun is better
Takes a long time, a large amount of snow needs to be boiled to achieve a useful quantity - MO
Boiling (DG)
Boiling water a little over 60 seconds will kill all dangerous bacteria
If you are at a high a high altitude you have to boil it for 5 minuets
Higher altitude uses more fuel to boil water.
Might need to filter out chunky bits
Takes longer to be able to drink water once its boiled compared to other forms of purification (AC)
Iodine(DG)
does not prevent Cryptosporidium and giarda
cheap
damages liver
good emergency choice
Collecting water (AM)
moving water is best, avoid stagnant pools
research possible local contaminants and avoid sources downstream of them
in some areas this could include nearby farms where there might be a chance of animal fecal matter in the water (AC)
avoid collecting sediments and leaf debris, as treatments can't penetrate to kill the contaminates inside the sticks and leaves
Sediments will also clog up filters, leaving the water flow slow to a trickle or stop all together
Prefiltering the water through a cloth can help filter out large particulates that can clog your filter - MO
wash hands after collecting water (BG)
dont let mouth piece touch contaminated water (BG)
dont let filter drip onto clean water (BG)
Rain water can be collected as a fresh water and need minimal filtration. MW
Can rig a bottle to a tarp by clipping it to a whole or funnel in the tarp to collect water. MW
Can rig tarp in a v shape to funnel water into a container. MW
Do not drink water straight out of streams due to possible impurities floating from upstream. MW
Staying hydrated
Sweat eliminates vital nutrients and electrolytes-drink sports drinks
Stay away from drinking energy drinks. Energy drinks can actually make you more tired when you are dehydrated because of the high amount of sugar
Dont do the most strenuous activities during the hottest hour of the day
Headaches and small muscle cramps are just two of the indicators your body may give that you need some more fluids
Start the day off with a big jug of water- after sleep is when you need the most water
Stat your activity with less clothing than you think you need because the more you exercise the hotter you get
Stay cool to reduce fluids lost through sweat
Make it a goal to drink a significant amount of water during meals so that you have a good baseline of hydration throughout the day (AC)
Due to immense activity, the amount of fluid lost will be around a liter per hour. MW
Plan to drink a gallon a day not including re-hydrating of food. MW
Iddine Brands (WR)
J Crows (WR)
Polar Pure Idione (WR)
Povidone (WR)
Potable Aqua germicidal water tables (WR)
Liqid iodine Forte (WR)
electrolytes
phosphate
sodium
calcium
potassium
chloride
magnesium
when low on electrolytes the body can...
blood clots
muscle contractions
acid to base imbalance
irregular regulation of fluids
electrolyte tablets for water
Hi-Lyte Electrolyte Replacement
Nuun Sport + Caffeine: Electrolyte Drink Tablets
Hydralyte Electrolyte Hydration Tablets
premium Electrolyte Capsules
can be found in salty food, and drinks
Gravity Bag Brands(WR)
Katadyn Gravity Before 10L (WR)
Osprey Hydraulics Resouor (WR)
conidien gravity bag(WR)
CamelBack Military Spec antidote (WR)
MSR Dormedary(WR)
Waterdrop gravity water bag with straw (WR)
Platpus Hoser handsfree (WR)
HyrdoBlu go Flow gravity bag (WR)
Platpus Gravity works 4.0l filter system (WR)
Saywer Products (WR)