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EXP 121 Safety / Risk Management / Dealing with emergencies (Knowing what…
EXP 121 Safety / Risk Management / Dealing with emergencies
Risk Management Plans (MS)
foresees risks (DM)
Finds solutions to these risks (DM)
Plan accordingly (CH)
Avoids situations where risks are likely (HH)
Knowing how far nearest emergency services are (MH)
Is a detailed assessment of
what
potential risks there are,
when
they could occur,
who
is at risk,
where
the risks are present and most acute, and
how
to mitigate these risks (BC)
WHEN (BC)
When one becomes relaxed or comfortable around a dangerous situation, can occur in a very experience person (BC)
WHERE (BC)
At peak of mountain (BC)
Glaciers, lots of danger on glaciers and can be very deadly if you do not know how to read glaciers (CS)
In open water (BC)
On white water river (BC)
WHAT (BC)
Environmental risk (BC)
Technical skills risk (BC)
unforeseen risk (HH)
risk that is out of your control (CS)
HOW (BC)
Over confidence (HH)
putting yourself into situations that you cant handle, these situations are inherently dangerous. (HH)
overestimating your own ability (CS)
environmental interference (HH)
lack of skill (HH)
poor planning (HH)
WHO (BC)
Inexperienced folk or beginners (BC)
Guides who make poor decisions ie: 1996 Everest disaster (HH)
Heuristics (BA)
Heuristics are a practical way to solving a problem based on past experience, intuition, common sense, trial and error or an estimated guess (BA)
Having good Heuristics mostly comes from experience but it also a skill that can be learned and practiced (BA)
Good Heuristics allow a person to quickly and accurately asses risk and respond with quick and effective decision making (BA)
10 Directives (from the man himself)
(BA)
Self, Others, Casualty, equipment (BA)
Look after yourself first (WP)
If you are in trouble take an active role in getting out of trouble (RK)
Avoid adding extra casualties to the situation (RK)
Equipment can be replaced. However, if you will need it before it can be replaced it will affect one of the above (RK)
Deal with situation aggressively (AM)
Initiate all actions based on current situation and expected
development (BA)
Trying to predict every outcome for a decision you make (WP)
Remember every situation is unique therefore you must approach it with relevant actions (RK)
Pay attention to obvious but take in the entire picture (RK)
When in doubt, remember decisive action as opposed to second guessing and uncertainty is always better (RK)
Ensure instructions are given and understood (BA)
Demanding confirmation of understanding from people and groups (WP)
Make sure you are instructing in a way that accurately conveys and portrays exactly what you are trying to get across (RK)
You can test understanding by asking for restatement or direction from group members (RK)
Obtain current information on the situation. (BA)
Identifying the primary incident (WP)
Finding out your location (WP)
Is the situation changing and how quickly (WP)
Is situation becoming more or less dangerous? (AM)
If a person is in harm, perform the Red Cross primary assessment on the situation as soon as you approach the scene (RK)
First check for a response from individual, determine whether they are conscious or not( RK)
Next call for help, including individuals in the area and alerting 911 (RK)
Then check for circulation (RK)
Finally, check the person's heart rhythm (RK)
Providing any first aid you can in the moment (RK)
Other situations, potential situations or dangers? (AM)
Assess availability of other sources of information (AM)
Determine safety zones and escape routes (BA)
Looking for places to stay or hide away when danger occurs, I.e in a lean-too during a thunderstorm (WP)
Establish lookouts (BA)
someone to keep you on task and focused, a leader (WP)
Retain control at all times. (BA)
Making sure all instructions are understood (WP)
Keeping a hold on your emotions (WP)
Keep the group together and in sight (CS)
give everyone a role to keep them occupied and help the situation (CS)
Stay alert, keep calm, think clearly, act decisively (BA)
Recognize current weather conditions and obtain forecasts (BA)
Bring Out out certain equipment in order to keep an updated forecast (WP)
Phones in service (WP)
GPS (WP)
Printing out a 7 day forecast (WP)
Local newspaper (WP)
Weather can make a critical difference in your strategy (RK)
Have a third party resource constantly updating you on new and improved weather forecasts (CS)
Directive 11 (of 10) (AM)
Train Hard, Play Easy, Plan for the Worst(AM)
Prevent emergencies from happening (AM)
Be ready to deal with trouble that comes your way (AM)
Incidents and emergencies are generally bad publicity, expensive, bad for the environment and endanger many more people than the immediate casualty (including rescuers, sometimes more-so than the casualty. (AM)
Know that YOU should never allow it to happen but prepare with the mindset that it is just around the corner. (AM)
Make sure someone is watching your back; overdue procedure including responsible base camp contact with clear protocol and reliable route plan, communication with emergency services (AM)
Have the ability and know how and when to call for help before it
becomes a body recovery. (AM)
Knowing what to do during an emergency (MS)
Wilderness First Responder training (MS)
Make sure you are certified and are up to date since advances in medicine happen regularly, same with general first aid requirements (CS)
General First Aid training (MS)
Critical thinking (MS)
Getting into contact with local emergency services (CH)
911 (CH)
Emergency button on Delorme (CH)
Know your local park ranger emergency numbers (CH)
Keep people calm (CH)
Understand your environment and location (CH)
Self rescue/carrying someone out (CH)
Understand the emergency rescue is not instant and can take many hours, and even days (CS)
Managing groups (MS)
Have a plan in place prior to leaving so in case of emergency, response is as quick and efficient as possible (MS)
Discuss where the nearest hospital is (CS)
Protocol (MH)
Steps you must follow (MH)
Decision making (MH)
Requires you to make a choice of what to do (MH)
check surrounding areas for danger (A)
do not move victim with spinal injury (A)
stay calm and focused (A)
assess the emergency (A)
determine nature of emergency (A)
Understand that when emergencies occur you may not act how you feel you'll act. (HH)
Discuss with the group who should be contacted beyond first responders in the case of an emergency (CS)
Mitigating Risks (MS)
Follow simple safety procedures (CH)
Link Title
Informing others of safety procedures if you are guiding (MS)
Bring safety gear (CH)
Helmet for climbing (CH)
Helmets for any sport that may need them (MS)
First Aid Kits (MS)
specialized kits for different people and places (HH)
Four essentials kit (MS)
Making sure four essentials is tailored to the enviorment you are heading in (MH)
Navigation (AM)
Things for fixing people (AM)
Things for fixing gear (AM)
Communication (AM)
And know how to use it (CS)
Avoiding areas that could be dangerous (MS)
Link Title
The backpack Terror index (A)
DOA-Extreme danger, risk of sudden death (A)
High Alert-widespread threat, chance of severe suffering or death (A)
Moderate danger- serious risk, death is possible for the unlucky and unaware (A)
Proceed with caution- uncommon for death (A)
Low risk- threat is real but very rare (A)
Backup plans (MS)
Use up to date well cared for equipment that is unlikely to break or malfunction (MS)
Informing people outside of the expedition of the plan (MH)
Having a set return date (MH)
have buffer days as well in case of bad weather, sickness, etc (CS)
Communicating frequently with others outside the expedition with communication devices (MH)
Using CLAP to make sure everyone in the group sticks together (MH)
Communication, line of sight, awareness, position of maximum usefulness (A)
Sometimes risk cannot be mitigated, and if you truly wanted a risk free scenario you should have never gone on the trip. How much risk is too much? (CS)
Know what to bring in case of an emergency but ALSO know how to prevent an easily preventable emergency from happening. Make sure you are clear about the plan in case of an emergency with everyone in the group, and also make sure everyone is competent enough to get you out of a scenario as well. (CS)
Walk through basic safety precautions (i.e. double checking tie-in knot, basic belay commands, double checking all locking carabiners etc.) (CS)
Understand the limits of the group and discuss what previous training/experience people have, if any (CS)
CDM vs. NDM (DM)
Classical decision making (DM)
specific end goal (DM)
Based on weighing different options (DM)
has broad experienced knowledge of situation and outcomes (DM)
takes time to think through (DM)
Used when planning for risks (CH)
Logical and rational decisions made in the best interests of everyone (MS)
Understanding how risks are managed in the outdoors (HH)
https://www.slideshare.net/wicaksana/decision-making-16151977
(HH)
Naturalistic decision making (DM)
vague end goal (DM)
based on previous experience and imagining the outcome (DM)
little knowledge of situation or possible outcomes (DM)
"In the moment" solutions (CH)
The way people think and act in response to real world situations like emergencies (MS)
Fight response (MH)
Attacking and trying to solve the problem (MH)
Flight response (MH)
Evading danger and problem (MH)
Making a mental "simulation" of how its going to get down (HH)
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/seeing-what-others-dont/201602/the-naturalistic-decision-making-approach
Actual and Perceived Risks- SC
Actual Risks- Actual risk or real risk is the actual amount of danger present in a situation. As risk is present in everything that we do there is always an element of actual risk . ( It is the purpose of risk assessments and management to control and minimize this risk as much as possible. SC
Perceived Risks- Perceived risk is how dangerous a task is thought to be and this may be much lower or higher than the actual risk. Perceived risk can vary between individuals depending on their experience and temperament. This is especially relevant within the outdoors as the general public sees ‘adventure activities as dangerous even when all necessary precautions have been taken . This is because they have a preconception of the activity and do not have the experience to differentiate between the perceived and actual risk. This perceived risk must also be managed alongside actual risk as it may alter the participants behavior. For example if they overestimate a risk they may panic and thus increase the actual risk. This is equally true if they perceive a risk as much lower than the actual risk they may not take the necessary precautions in order to reduce the risk. SC
Risk Benefit Analyses- Also known risk benefit assessment is the balancing of potential risks or dangers with the rewards of carrying out the procedure. SC
Dynamic Risk Management- Necessary as conditions change as we work in [this] industry and so risk management must be dynamic. SC
Perceived risks
Weather
Environment
Morale
Experience
People
Mora Sullivan (MS)
Curtis Howard (CH)
Matt Hubbard (MH)
Brian Chrystal (BC)
Henry Hamilton (HH)
Bo Allen (BA)
Wheelz Pelton (WP)
Cal Seeley (CS)
Sean Crossan SC
Amy Macaluso
