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Methods, models of lifespan dev. (Research methods (Observation (Lab (What…

- - - - Freud
      - Erikson
    - - Vygotsky
    - - Piaget
      - Baltes
        
        Indv are changing beings in changing world
        
        Normative age-graded influences eg. formal education, retirement
        
        Normative, history graded influences eg. genetic, cultural makeup
        
        Highly indv life events
        
        3 goals of human dev
        
        Growth
        
        Maintenance
        
        Regulation of loss
    - - Bandura
- - - - What is said, who says it, where it is said =controlled
      - Meaning=lab based
      - Sample=may be biased
    - - What is said, who says it, where it is said=controlled
      - Meaning=real world
      - Sample=can be unbiased
    - - Crowley et. al (2001)- explanation of science to boys vs. girls
  - - - Show novelty, familiarity preference
      - Factors affecting: time, age, object complexity
    - - EEG
        
        Measure electrical change over time in response to stimulus, activity associated w mental event
        
        Pros
        
        Dense time resolution: Signal reaches machine quickly, easy to know when it happens
        
        Cons
        
        Sparse spatial resolution
        
        Don't know where signals are coming from
      - Neuroimaging (fMRI)
        
        Measure blood flow changes in brain, which areas of brain light up
        
        Pros
        
        Dense spatial resolution
        
        Cons
        
        Sparse time resolution
        
        Infants need ear protection, sometimes might be sleeping
      - Body States
        
        Heart rate, respiration, skin conductance
        
        Measure speed, variability, amplitude
        
        Pros
        
        Lots of data, not under conscious control
        
        Cons
        
        Need to sit still so machine gets good readings
        
        DV: changes in activity, linked to psychological process
      - Body mvms, rxns
        
        Eye-tracking, rxn time, reflexes, motor dev
        
        Pros
        
        Intended to measure responses at basic level, w/o cognitive interference
        
        Cons
        
        Need participants to follow instructions/ sit still
  - - - Observe, record behaviour
    - - Describe strength of r/s
    - - 1+ factors that are believed to affect behaviour manipulated
        
        Obsv
        
        Correlational (rate them)
        
        Quasi-expt (assign teachers to diff lvls of assertiveness)
- - - - Fast to do
      - X too expensive
    - - Only guessing that we have accurately measured normative change, but X know bcos using diff children in both groups
    - - but could be bcos of schooling, health, technology
  - - - Direct measurement age-linked change
      - Face validity-time must pass to see it
      - X confounded w cohort diff
    - - Repeating the test can make us test-wise
      - Selective attrition
      - Non-normative changes (history) may look like dev
  - - - Combine X-S and L
      - Samples of diff age from same population
      - Overlapping info enables biases, confounds to be identified