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The Chemical Context of Life Ch. 2 (AN ELEMENT'S PROPERTIES DEPEND ON…
The Chemical Context of Life Ch. 2
MATTER CONSISTS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN PURE FORM AND IN COMBINATIONS CALLED COMPOUNDS 2.1
matter:
anything that has mass and takes up space*
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
vocabulary
compound: a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
elements:a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
mineral: natural occurring element
NOTES
compounds contain one kind of molecule and mixtures are more than one kind of molecule
elements are on the periodic table and compounds are made up of two or more elements
there are 118 elements
examples
water=compounds
earth=mixture
THE ELEMENTS OF LIFE
NOTES
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96.3% of living things including humans- oxygen is the most common
the other 3.7% are potassium, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, sodium
trace elements are important for chemical reactions
essential elements are 20-25% of the 92 natural elements
vocabulary
essential elements: what an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce
trace elements:are required by an organism in only minute quantities
AN ELEMENT'S PROPERTIES DEPEND ON THE STRUCTURE OF ITS ATOMS 2.2
ISOTOPES
NOTES
*vocabulary
radioactive isotopes: in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
half-life: the time it takes for 50% of the parent isotope to decay
isotopes:different atomic forms of the same element
THE ENERGY LEVELS OF ELECTRON
vocabulary
ATOMIC NUMBER AND ATOMIC MASS
examples
mass number= number of protons + neutrons
atomic number= number of protons or electrons
NOTES
an atom is neutral in electric change; protons must be balanced by an equal number of electrons
mass doesn't change but weight does
vocabulary
atomic number: number of protons that is unique to the element
mass number: total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic mass: the mass number is close to, but slightly different from total mass of an atom
ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION AND CHEMICAL AND PROPERTIES
vocabulary
SUBATOMIC PARTICLE
NOTES
electron= negative charge,around nucleus, changes in normal reaction, does not contribute to atomic mass
neutrons= neutral charge, 1 amu, in nucleus, no changes in normal reaction, contributes to atomic mass
protons= positive charge, 1 amu, in nucleus, no changes in normal reaction, contributes to atomic mass
vocabulary
atomic nucleus: a core where protons and neutrons are tightly packed
subatomic particles: even smaller parts of tiny bits of matter
dalton/ atomic mass unit/ amu: unit of measure
atom: the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
ELECTRON ORBITALS
vocabulary
CHEMICAL REACTIONS MAKE AND BREAK CHEMICAL BONDS 2.4
THE FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF MOLECULES DEPEND ON CHEMICAL BONDING BETWEEN ATOMS 2.3