extremism, terrorism, OC
extremism(e)-dev lingages
meaning
extremism
taking extreme position or actions wrt common standards set by society
development
mostly positive
negative term
sometimes negative - eg: exclusiv dev, making dam, underdev
views/school of thought
1st
2nd
dev --> peace --> de-escalation of conflicts and violence --> decline in violent e --> better law&order --> complete the cycle
estd of law and order --> decrease in violent e --> set pace for dev --> complete the cycle
both lead to vicious cycle of under dev and e
hence both aspects have to dealt with simultaneously
covers both economic and human growth
should address the lack of resources, capabilities and opportunities to overcome deprivation
generally their belief system doesn't allow much room for the existence of other views
its the end and the process is called radicalisation
often cited as an offshoot of maldevelopment when governance fails to address the concerns of certain section of society - here e rises as potent weapon in the hands of the people to express themselves.
examples
improper/non implementation of land reforms esp in rural areas
unemployment -forces youth to join extremists
missing social justice - people still discriminated, force them to take law in their own hands to get justice
missing physical infra in NE - insurgents hide easily, operations against them become difficult
examples - e leads to
LWE's blowing physical infra
dis-incentivise NGOs, private investment
paralyses governance - threatened govt officials
diversion of fund to law and order - social sector spendings suffer
gives excuse to state to use force - collateral damage, human rights violence
becomes a concern when it turns into violent e - committing or supporting ideologically motivated violence
e views aren't necessarily illegal
e views don't automatically lead to violence
encompasses needs and means to provide better lives to masses
quotes
no one in this world can be comfortable or safe when so many people are suffering and deprived - kofi annan
left wing e(LWE)
meaning
left wingers - term came from 18th cent france
believe in revolution to bring change in socio-political
inspired by french revolution, karl marx estd theory of communism(revolution to estd class less society - he didnt explain the nature of revolution) - followed by ruussian rvolution - lenin and then stallin - both were dictatorial - then in early 1950s -maozedong came to power in china - who wanted to esd comnmunism by the barrel of gun - called maosim(ie, estd communisim by violent means)
india
naxalbari movement
1967 - farmers(ppor, underdeveloped, no accessto resources, raping, abduction) were exploilted by zamindars/elite/moneylenders, police also with elite
charu majumdar(father of naxalism), kanu sanyal - living innaxalbari, members of CPI(marxist) who is ruling state govt with congress support - CPI was not estabilishing communism, made them frustated
immediate incident - a farmer won case over zamindar for his land but when he came back to cultivate his land, zamindar send his goons
charu majumdar started violent revolt against elites and govt officials - murders, burnt land records
govt retaliated and controlled situation within 2-3 months
revolt failed but in larger picture - its significance - 1st time LWE seen, gave confidence to left wingers
naxalbari - in northern West bengal in darjelling district
charu majumdar estd his own party - CPI(MLeninist) - an extremist party declared unlawful by act of govt
naxalism - inspiration particularly from maoism
by 2009 - naxalism covered 1/3rd districts of india
started as violent agrarian movement but slowly it was overtaken in spirit ( to get rights to people) by sinister movemet concentrated on money and power
LWE outburst started in 1967 in naxalbari region of darjeling, draws influence from the ideas of marx, stalin and maozedong. started as an agrarian movement in naxalbari to take up the causes of exploited and the poor, but gradually degenerated into a law and order problem due to the entry of antisocial and antinational elements in their cadres. today LWE is an e movement targeted against the indian State and wants to overthrow the existing soio-political eco order/system in the country with the use of extreme means of violence. LWE has been reffered as the gravest internal security threat that faces india by the former PM of the country
as per reports of home ministry, >12000 people have been killed as a result of naxal violence b/w 1998 and 2018
regions affcted by naxal violence -AP in south to the brdering region of UP and bihar in the north. this region of e violence as been infamously termed as the 'red corridor'
strategy of maoists - stage
1 -identify an isolated and underdeveloped area
no connectivity - difficult terrain
local people are poor
2 - consolidate base base area
these people can be influenced
guerilla warfare (used for disproportionate fight) - weaker will use hide- attack-hide
will work as base area
expand and preserve base area
start fight with State using
3- rapid expansion
unleash full force against State - show true colours
evolutuion/ phases of naxalism in india
1st phase - 1967-1970s
naxalbari vilence
gradual spread to nearby state - bighar, orissa, jharkhand, Andra pradesh
expansion to urban areas - due to unemployment, communim is revolution which inspired youth
govt introduced reforms - land reforms etc to chill rural areeas people
charu majumdar died in police custody
late 1970's
CPI -ML broke into smaller splinter groups
strong centre - crackdown on these groups - naxalism went underground
2nd phase - 1980's-2004
naxalism consolidated(expansion and building core) itself
flawed implementation of 1991 reforms displaced people -private companies and hydropower projects wanted land
3rd phase - 2004-today
2004 - CPI(maoists) formed by merger of MCC(maoist communist centre, operational in bihar) and PWG(people's war group, Andhra pradesh), the 2 biiggest communist groups. CPI(maoists) - was banned under UAPA act
phase of rapid expansion
2010 - 76 personnel ambushed and killed in dantewada
govt retaliated - operation Greenhunt - to flush out naxalites from interiors of affected states
reduced to 120 districts from >200 (LWE affected) currently with only 40 severly affected
causes for rise of naxalism
land related issues
non implementation of land reorms and continued exploitation by zamindars/moneylenders
forced eviction and displacement - hydropower projects and industries - 80% people displaced in these projects are adivasis
non recognition of forest rights of the tribals
british - indian forest act, 1927 - allwed exploitation of forest resources, no person allwed to use forest without british consent
post independe- law repealed but no new law made- adivasis were at mercy of state forests departments officials
1980 - forest conservation act, declared illegal to reside and use forest - adivasis declared illegal resident in their own lands
economic and social underdevelopment of these areas
unemployed youth
absence of social justice
they dont have money to go to courts, naxalites estd their own 'kangaroo courts'
inability of state to stop caste based violence
free hand to mining by govt to private people and illegal mining - 'resource curse'
misgovernance at low/ execution levels - tribals felt exploited at hands of govt, absence of officials due to fear, corruption
non implementation of constitutional (failure of 5th schedule - governer governs with help of tribal advisory council) - failed -non formatiojn of TAC, their recomendation not heard) and legal measures(panchsheel policy)
vested interest in perpatrating and continuing naxalism - naxalites blow schools, road construction, basic facilities
govt strategy - 2 pronged approach
developmental
legislations
forests rights act, 2006
recognised rights of tribals and traditional dwellers
state forest dep on gram sabha recom can allot forest as community forest - minor forest produce can be used and selled
PESA, 1996
to extend PRS to scheduled areas - self governing by tribals
prevention of attrocities act
schemes
integrated action plan (by erstwhile planning commission)
to bring DC, SP, and DFO (forest dep) in one committee for convergence of schemes and funds
nai disha program
surrender cum rehabilitation
rural road plan - 1, 2
PM gramin sadak yojana - connect rural road to urban areas
rehabilitation and resettlement policy, 2007
aspirational district program
nai roshni - skill dev of youth in LWE areas
MGNREGA
media plan - songs, drama created to reach rural people to create awareness about reality of naxalism
PM khanij kshetra kalyan yojana - distrcit miniral foudation created to develop mining affected areas
law and order
in state list
art 355 - responsibility of centre to prtect states against aggresion - centre too steps
deployment of CRPF batallions
creation of unified command
modernisation of police forces - provide money to state govt to develop state police forces, not linited to naxalite areas
fortified police stations - to protect against naxal attach
CAP-civic action program - community outreach progam to bridge trust deficit b/w forces and citizens
security related expenditure scheme - centre reimburse states for expenses (transport cost, bullet jacktets etc) made to upkeep/maintain state police forces fighting against naxalism
SAMADHAN doctrine by MoHA - to guide action of police forces
states have launched their surrender cum rehabilitation scheme
review and critique of govt approach
consistent decline in the no of violent incidents and deaths
many districts which witnessed LWE activities historically have shown signs of easing down
therefore govt has also been considering redrawing the red corridor
but at the same time this decline should not be confused eith desimation of the naxalites as naxal violence has shown a spike since 2016
ther have been several lacunae in govt's approach that need to be adressed to ensure the resolution of these issues
lacunae
negligience in estabilishing SOPs(standard operation procedures) that has led to loss of valuable lives of security personnel - eg:sukma attach
culnerabilities such as poor planning, insufficient intelligence back and excessive dependence on CAPF have resulted in making the fight against naxalitrs inefficient
capacity builiding of state police forces has been ignored leading to excessive dependence of CAPF - this phenomenon also means that much aluable intelligence and understanding available with state police forces is hardly utilised in anti naxal operations
lack of cooredination b/w centre and states nd among the states
lack of coordination and concentrated efforts by the civilian and police admin has also resulted in ineffective implementation of dev and law and order measures
root causes of LWE have not been adressed completely
the lack of responsibility on the part of the states is also a major concern in fight against nxalism
clear hold and develop strategy - given by p chidambaram
T
through the 1990s, the state was suffering massively from naxal violence
AP govt - 3 pronged strategy - with soio-eco and police dimensions
abolition of patwari system of village administration - perceieved to be extrmely corrupt by the local villagers
focus on provisding basic goods and aminities at subsidised rates to the locals
extension of subsidies for power in farming sectr along with scholarshoip for the students
govt launched massive program for digitisation of land reforms to accelerate the agenda of land reforms -this approach helped in alienting the people from naxal who used to clain that they were working for the people and the govt's policy were anti people
govt also took steps on the policing front that included setting up of an elite anti naxal force - 'greyhounds', police officials under this initiative were provided with sophesticated machinery and extensive raining in guirella warfare
this reduced the ned and overdependene on central police forces, therefore putting the state forces at the forefront of fighting against the naxalites
dev schemes were backed by police response that helped in ensuring the sustainibility and safety of the created infrastructure
govt supported initiatives such as greyhound by using local vigilante groups for providing intelligence and countering the propaganda of the naxalites
way forward
centre and states should continue with their coordinated efforts where the centre should play a supportive role and the states should take a lead
govt should explore the use of technology such as -UAVs or small drones to minimise the loss of lives of security personnel
states should consider setting up of special anti naxal forces - eg:grey hound that can prove beneficial even for counter terrorist operations in the states
govt should leverage the media for highlighing the futility of naxal violence
the recurring attacks on the innocent civilians sgould be used to highlight the hollowness and sinister designs behind the ideologies of naxalites
general - improve/strentgth - TACs, infra, impemetation of schemes, connectivity, dev integrating local culture and ecology
objectives of CPI (maoists)
article 4 of their C defines the goal of the party as long term state capture
they dont believe in parliamentary democracy and talk about building up of armires to inflict decisive defeat on the enemies army
immediate aim of the party is to accomplish an new demcratic revolution in india by overthrowing imperialsim, feudalism and beuraucratic capitalism through a 'protracted long drawn peoples war'
insurgency in NE
meaning
insurgency(ig)
armed rebellion of people against the State to overthrow them
naxalism is a form of ig
target is forces
aim is to create their own State
militancy
ig where people are outside people, ie foreign people
terrorism
violence against society(indiscriminate - both state and people) to create terror/chaos
nagaland
1946 - naga national council (NNC)formed heaed by A.Z Phizo to consider nagaland's inclusion in india - nehru decided kashmir types model - but eventually talks failed
14th august 1947 - declared freedom from india and britain
declared rebellion against indian state
NNC raised army and govt in nagaland - parallel govt.
1958 - AFSPA passed and implemented in nagaland
1963 - after discussions, separate statehood status given to give some attonomy
1970 - shillong accord signed -b/t indian govt and NNC for peace but insurgence continued
NNC changed to NSCN(nationalist socialist council of nagaland) - which further broke up into 2 - NSCN(I-M(iaasac muivah)) (- more active) and NSCN(K(khaplang))
still their is parallel govt
NSCN demand - country of 'greater nagalim' - nagaland state+ 4 districts of manipur+ some areas of arunachal and myanmar - home for all the 'nagas'
2014 - govt of india claimed to signed naga peace framework with insurgent groups - its features not known
issue still to be solved
371A - special relation to nagaland wrt indian state - has been diluted many times, no law of center on some issues(transfer of land, customery practices etc) will be applicable without consent of naga Legislative assembly
manipur
hill state(under dev) with valley(dev, ) in b/w
tribal meities live in valley, follow vaishnavism - hence not SC - no reservation, dont get hill schemes benefits , dominant tribe in polity and economy
hill area - nagas(want freedom - to be part of greater nagalim), kuki(also started insurgence) tribe
hence these all tribes are fighting among themselves to get dominance in state - fight for resources, govt jobs
assam
1965-ASSU - all assam student union - formed to protest against migration from other states and illegal migration from bangladesh(persecution of bengali pakistan by pakistan)
also, mineral industry and tea plantations were largely owned by non assamese - feared of becoming minority
1979 - ULFA(united liberation front of assam) formed - demanded separate state
1985 - tripartite agreement(b/w assam govt, centre, and ULFA) - assam accord - NRC to be done
anyone who came before 1961 - are full citizens, for 1961-1971 people - will be given citizenship after 10 years, after 1971 - to be deported
ULFA - insurgent group, not much public support now
bodo - largest tribe , want - 'bodoland autonomous council' under schedule 6
mizoram
mizo demand - soverign mizoram outside india
led by MNF - mizo national front (insurgent group)
1986 - mizo accord signed b/w centre and MNF - separate state of mizoam formed in 1987
lal denga, MNF leader became its first chief minister
no as such insurgency in mizoramvsince then, but due to spillover effects of insurgency - AFSPA is active there
meghalya
achiks tribe(jaintia) and hywnitrepps(garo and khasi) = both came together to form HALC(hwnitrepps and achiks liberation council) demanding soverign meghalaya - due to influx of outsiders and interfaction ethnic rivalries
also imp is GNLA(garo national liberation army) demanding soverign 'garoland'
arunachal pradesh
AFSPA active in some districts
suffers from spillover effects of insurgency in the region
tripura
changed from tribal dominated demography in 1947 to bengali speaking demography today - due to influx of migrants both legal and illegal
TNV(tripura national volunters ) and ATTF(all tripura tiger force) - all want soverign tripura and removal of outsiders
2015 - AFSPA removed completely
2002-3 - manik sarkar became CM - who strongly dealt with insurgency
terrorism (t)
definition
no globally accepted definition
illegal use of violence esp against civilians to further certain political/social/ideological objectives
types
state t
use of state power to curb own people
eg: jacobin, holocaust, kurds, tiananmen square etc
state sponsored t
external state actor + supported NSA(non state actor) --> against a state
aka proxy war
eg: pak + ISI + (LeT, JeM, IM, SIMI) --> kashmir
support here means - ideological, financial, arms, training, infra, tech
t by non state actors
no direct link with any govt though indirect link cant be denied
eg:
naxals, LTTE, NE extremists
indian mujahideen
marginalised indian youth is radicalised and given arms/training to conduct terror activity
students islamic movement of india (SIMI)
radicalise youth in wahabi ideology through educational institutions
LeT, IM, SIMI claim to be NSA but are de-facto pak supported - this gives pak diplomatic immunity and a degree of deniability
international t
2 countries utilising 3rd country's territory to fight
eg: islraeli diplomat attacked by iranian in new delhi
hinterland t in i
attacks all over the country for various reasons
pak failed in 1971 --> resorted to proxy war --> ' bleeding i through 1000 cuts'
targets
political capital - parliamentary attack
financial capital - 26/11, 1993 blasts
IT & scientific hub
german bakery blast in pune, 2010
religious hubs
ajmer dargah bombing 2007
akshardham temple 2002
tourist places - jaipur bombing 2008
beacuse
dense popn
hyper media attemtion
disrupts eco activity
easy to camoflage
attacking symbolic targets
ISIS
obj - restore worldwide caliphate
modus operandi - fully online - radicalisation, training, recruitment & moeny transfer
how to counter - multi-pronged strategy
international coop
use of tech
protect children - familial supervision
edu, social dev
funding
ISI sponsored - donations in name of jehad
drug trafficking
FICN
crime & smuggling
ML & hawala
extortions
taxation - esp in NE insurgencies in LWE
NGOs
framework against t
summary
agencies
multi agency centre (MAC)
intelligence gathering
training & operations
investigations
prosecution
NATGRID(National Intelligence Grid )
data - tax, bank account details, credit card transactions etc
available to - RAW, IB, CBI, FIU, ED etc
issue/recom - make it fully operationalise
share terrorism related intelligence inputs on day to day basis
facts
made post kargil
revamped post 26/11
national counter terrorism centre
under IB control
single point agency for all counter terrorism activities
made post 26/11
'integrated intelligence grid' - link databases so as to detect comprehensive patterns
NIA(post 2008)
NATGRID, MAC, state police & central agencies
legal framework
unlawful activities (prevention) act (UAPA)
includes economic offences
defines terrorists activities - intent to threaten unity, integrity, sovereignty, security and eco security, counterfeiting currency, procuring weapons, raising funds
NIA act 2008
concurrent jurisdiction( probe terror attacks in any part of the country without any specific permission from states)
special NIA courts
concurrent jurisdiction
trials under this act have highest precedence
powers to court to attach property
centre can add/remove org as terrorist org
international framework
mutual legal assistance treaties
joint working groups to counter terrorism
models used
malayan
identify area (by ATS, special task force) --> identify terrorists (by military intelligence) --> eliminate terrorists (army)
preventive (by IB)
detect sensitive areas,
identify grievances &
ask police to handle them
counter proxy war (by RAW)
against a country doing proxy war or in national interest
eg: baluchistan liberation army
recom - needs to fully operationalise
supervised by IB which coordinates with state police
issues/recoms
lack of unified command in bigger states
4 new NSG hubs will help
by NIA
issue/recoms
improvement needed in state machinery
issues/recoms
sluggish courts
need fast track justice
way ahead
heading at global stage to seek early conclusion of compressive convention on t at UN
effective ear and eyes scheme - collection of terrorist-related intelligence directly from the public
sensitise people - eg: disaster management skills
avoid vote bank politics in such issues
fix legal loopholes - through stringent laws and quicker justice
strengthening police capabilities & provide modern equipments
freezing finances - curb drugs(or narco terrorism)
addressing social grievances
organised crime & link with t
organised crime (oc)
meaning
structural group of >= 3 persons with an aim of committing crimes for eco benefits
key constituents
continuity over a period of time
profit driven
generally has element of collusion
types - as per UN convention on trans national organised crime
traditional
modern
organised crime
organised crime
includes - betting, extortion, prostitution, sand mafia etc
includes - ML, hawala, trafficking(trade in something illegal) and smuggling(illegal movement of goods into or out of a country) in drugs and arms, fake currency, human trafficking
terrorism
terrorism
aspects
based on power over local communities
generally family organisation
aspects
have global markets
by network of entrepreneurs
sympathisers around the world
ideologically driven
support from suppressed communities
military model with top down approach
linkages with t
terrorists engage in OC to support themselves financially
differences: OC - t
profit drive (OC) -(while) ideologically driven(t)
generally non violent - violent
nexus with police, politicians - no nexus
no media attention - crave for hyper media coverage
oc in different regions
kashmir
mainly external funding - from pak and gulf countries - reach via ML and hawala
NE i
many parallel govts running
govt officials bribed & threatened to award contract to individuals patronised by militant groups
even essential commodities like food grains are sold to the public through these groups at high prices
extortion (of businessmen) , kidnapping, black marketing
transnational drugs & arm syndicated to cover up any shortfall from above
entry point - moreh, chittagong hill tracts, cox's bazaar
drugs prodn and smuggling
FICN smuggled - spread to rest of i
rest of i
cartels are moving towards clean money through legitimate businesses like manufacturing making it even hared to detect
drugs smuggling - i lies b/w golden crescent(PIA) & golden triangle(MLT)
dawood ibrahim's D company - drugs smuggling, match fixing, supari
breaking oc-t linkage -solns
good military and intelligence expertise
media shaming
public awareness
good governance
isolate these groups politically and pressurise militarily
laws like MCOCA (Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act) as model laws to empower state police
strengthening PRIs & regional autonomy
arrangements to disrupt organisation's exchange of info & personnel
challenges in curbing oc
poor legal framework - target individuals only, need laws for groups
slow litigation & low conviction rate
lack of training and funds - police being state subject
lack of coordination - interstate and international
collusion & nexus - politics, police, crime
drug trafficking in i
issues
increasing addicts - 40 lakh addicts
high smuggling - golden crescent & golden triangle
bitcoin usage - difficult to trace
tardy surveillance
impacts
addiction
diseases - cancer, injecting reused needles leading to HIV/AIDS
mental illness - depression, anxiety
loss of lives
drug money used in t
steps taken
signatory to UN's conventions
national policy on NDPS
narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act (NDPS act)
border patrolling
meanings
insurgency - an active revolt or uprising.
secessionism - with-drawl form a State