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extremism, terrorism, OC (terrorism (t) (funding (ISI sponsored -…

- - - - taking extreme position or actions wrt common standards set by society
      - negative term
      - generally their belief system doesn't allow much room for the existence of other views
      - its the end and the process is called radicalisation
      - often cited as an offshoot of maldevelopment when governance fails to address the concerns of certain section of society - here e rises as potent weapon in the hands of the people to express themselves.
      - becomes a concern when it turns into violent e - committing or supporting ideologically motivated violence
      - e views aren't necessarily illegal
      - e views don't automatically lead to violence
    - - mostly positive
      - sometimes negative - eg: exclusiv dev, making dam, underdev
      - covers both economic and human growth
      - should address the lack of resources, capabilities and opportunities to overcome deprivation
      - encompasses needs and means to provide better lives to masses
  - - - dev --> peace --> de-escalation of conflicts and violence --> decline in violent e --> better law&order --> complete the cycle
        
        both lead to vicious cycle of under dev and e
        
        hence both aspects have to dealt with simultaneously
        
        examples
        
        improper/non implementation of land reforms esp in rural areas
        
        unemployment -forces youth to join extremists
        
        missing social justice - people still discriminated, force them to take law in their own hands to get justice
        
        missing physical infra in NE - insurgents hide easily, operations against them become difficult
    - - estd of law and order --> decrease in violent e --> set pace for dev --> complete the cycle
        
        examples - e leads to
        
        LWE's blowing physical infra
        
        dis-incentivise NGOs, private investment
        
        paralyses governance - threatened govt officials
        
        diversion of fund to law and order - social sector spendings suffer
        
        gives excuse to state to use force - collateral damage, human rights violence
  - - - insurgency - an active revolt or uprising.
      - secessionism - with-drawl form a State
  - - - left wingers - term came from 18th cent france
      - believe in revolution to bring change in socio-political
      - inspired by french revolution, karl marx estd theory of communism(revolution to estd class less society - he didnt explain the nature of revolution) - followed by ruussian rvolution - lenin and then stallin - both were dictatorial - then in early 1950s -maozedong came to power in china - who wanted to esd comnmunism by the barrel of gun - called maosim(ie, estd communisim by violent means)
      - india
        
        naxalbari movement
        
        1967 - farmers(ppor, underdeveloped, no accessto resources, raping, abduction) were exploilted by zamindars/elite/moneylenders, police also with elite
        
        charu majumdar(father of naxalism), kanu sanyal - living innaxalbari, members of CPI(marxist) who is ruling state govt with congress support - CPI was not estabilishing communism, made them frustated
        
        immediate incident - a farmer won case over zamindar for his land but when he came back to cultivate his land, zamindar send his goons
        
        charu majumdar started violent revolt against elites and govt officials - murders, burnt land records
        
        govt retaliated and controlled situation within 2-3 months
        
        revolt failed but in larger picture - its significance - 1st time LWE seen, gave confidence to left wingers
        
        naxalbari - in northern West bengal in darjelling district
        
        charu majumdar estd his own party - CPI(MLeninist) - an extremist party declared unlawful by act of govt
        
        naxalism - inspiration particularly from maoism
        
        by 2009 - naxalism covered 1/3rd districts of india
        
        started as violent agrarian movement but slowly it was overtaken in spirit ( to get rights to people) by sinister movemet concentrated on money and power
        
        LWE outburst started in 1967 in naxalbari region of darjeling, draws influence from the ideas of marx, stalin and maozedong. started as an agrarian movement in naxalbari to take up the causes of exploited and the poor, but gradually degenerated into a law and order problem due to the entry of antisocial and antinational elements in their cadres. today LWE is an e movement targeted against the indian State and wants to overthrow the existing soio-political eco order/system in the country with the use of extreme means of violence. LWE has been reffered as the gravest internal security threat that faces india by the former PM of the country
        
        as per reports of home ministry, >12000 people have been killed as a result of naxal violence b/w 1998 and 2018
        
        regions affcted by naxal violence -AP in south to the brdering region of UP and bihar in the north. this region of e violence as been infamously termed as the 'red corridor'
    - - 1 -identify an isolated and underdeveloped area
        
        no connectivity - difficult terrain
        
        local people are poor
        
        these people can be influenced
        
        will work as base area
      - 2 - consolidate base base area
        
        guerilla warfare (used for disproportionate fight) - weaker will use hide- attack-hide
        
        expand and preserve base area
        
        start fight with State using
      - 3- rapid expansion
        
        unleash full force against State - show true colours
    - - 1st phase - 1967-1970s
        
        naxalbari vilence
        
        gradual spread to nearby state - bighar, orissa, jharkhand, Andra pradesh
        
        expansion to urban areas - due to unemployment, communim is revolution which inspired youth
        
        govt introduced reforms - land reforms etc to chill rural areeas people
        
        charu majumdar died in police custody
      - late 1970's
        
        CPI -ML broke into smaller splinter groups
        
        strong centre - crackdown on these groups - naxalism went underground
      - 2nd phase - 1980's-2004
        
        naxalism consolidated(expansion and building core) itself
        
        flawed implementation of 1991 reforms displaced people -private companies and hydropower projects wanted land
      - 3rd phase - 2004-today
        
        2004 - CPI(maoists) formed by merger of MCC(maoist communist centre, operational in bihar) and PWG(people's war group, Andhra pradesh), the 2 biiggest communist groups. CPI(maoists) - was banned under UAPA act
        
        phase of rapid expansion
        
        2010 - 76 personnel ambushed and killed in dantewada
        
        govt retaliated - operation Greenhunt - to flush out naxalites from interiors of affected states
        
        reduced to 120 districts from >200 (LWE affected) currently with only 40 severly affected
    - - land related issues
        
        non implementation of land reorms and continued exploitation by zamindars/moneylenders
        
        forced eviction and displacement - hydropower projects and industries - 80% people displaced in these projects are adivasis
        
        free hand to mining by govt to private people and illegal mining - 'resource curse'
      - non recognition of forest rights of the tribals
        
        british - indian forest act, 1927 - allwed exploitation of forest resources, no person allwed to use forest without british consent
        
        post independe- law repealed but no new law made- adivasis were at mercy of state forests departments officials
        
        1980 - forest conservation act, declared illegal to reside and use forest - adivasis declared illegal resident in their own lands
      - economic and social underdevelopment of these areas
        
        unemployed youth
      - absence of social justice
        
        they dont have money to go to courts, naxalites estd their own 'kangaroo courts'
        
        inability of state to stop caste based violence
      - misgovernance at low/ execution levels - tribals felt exploited at hands of govt, absence of officials due to fear, corruption
      - non implementation of constitutional (failure of 5th schedule - governer governs with help of tribal advisory council) - failed -non formatiojn of TAC, their recomendation not heard) and legal measures(panchsheel policy)
      - vested interest in perpatrating and continuing naxalism - naxalites blow schools, road construction, basic facilities
    - - developmental
        
        legislations
        
        forests rights act, 2006
        
        recognised rights of tribals and traditional dwellers
        
        state forest dep on gram sabha recom can allot forest as community forest - minor forest produce can be used and selled
        
        PESA, 1996
        
        to extend PRS to scheduled areas - self governing by tribals
        
        prevention of attrocities act
        
        MGNREGA
        
        schemes
        
        integrated action plan (by erstwhile planning commission)
        
        to bring DC, SP, and DFO (forest dep) in one committee for convergence of schemes and funds
        
        nai disha program
        
        surrender cum rehabilitation
        
        rural road plan - 1, 2
        
        PM gramin sadak yojana - connect rural road to urban areas
        
        rehabilitation and resettlement policy, 2007
        
        aspirational district program
        
        nai roshni - skill dev of youth in LWE areas
        
        media plan - songs, drama created to reach rural people to create awareness about reality of naxalism
        
        PM khanij kshetra kalyan yojana - distrcit miniral foudation created to develop mining affected areas
      - law and order
        
        in state list
        
        art 355 - responsibility of centre to prtect states against aggresion - centre too steps
        
        deployment of CRPF batallions
        
        creation of unified command
        
        modernisation of police forces - provide money to state govt to develop state police forces, not linited to naxalite areas
        
        fortified police stations - to protect against naxal attach
        
        CAP-civic action program - community outreach progam to bridge trust deficit b/w forces and citizens
        
        security related expenditure scheme - centre reimburse states for expenses (transport cost, bullet jacktets etc) made to upkeep/maintain state police forces fighting against naxalism
        
        SAMADHAN doctrine by MoHA - to guide action of police forces
        
        states have launched their surrender cum rehabilitation scheme
        
        clear hold and develop strategy - given by p chidambaram
    - - consistent decline in the no of violent incidents and deaths
      - many districts which witnessed LWE activities historically have shown signs of easing down
      - therefore govt has also been considering redrawing the red corridor
      - but at the same time this decline should not be confused eith desimation of the naxalites as naxal violence has shown a spike since 2016
      - ther have been several lacunae in govt's approach that need to be adressed to ensure the resolution of these issues
      - lacunae
        
        negligience in estabilishing SOPs(standard operation procedures) that has led to loss of valuable lives of security personnel - eg:sukma attach
        
        culnerabilities such as poor planning, insufficient intelligence back and excessive dependence on CAPF have resulted in making the fight against naxalitrs inefficient
        
        capacity builiding of state police forces has been ignored leading to excessive dependence of CAPF - this phenomenon also means that much aluable intelligence and understanding available with state police forces is hardly utilised in anti naxal operations
        
        lack of cooredination b/w centre and states nd among the states
        
        lack of coordination and concentrated efforts by the civilian and police admin has also resulted in ineffective implementation of dev and law and order measures
        
        root causes of LWE have not been adressed completely
        
        the lack of responsibility on the part of the states is also a major concern in fight against nxalism
    - - through the 1990s, the state was suffering massively from naxal violence
      - AP govt - 3 pronged strategy - with soio-eco and police dimensions
        
        abolition of patwari system of village administration - perceieved to be extrmely corrupt by the local villagers
        
        focus on provisding basic goods and aminities at subsidised rates to the locals
        
        extension of subsidies for power in farming sectr along with scholarshoip for the students
        
        govt launched massive program for digitisation of land reforms to accelerate the agenda of land reforms -this approach helped in alienting the people from naxal who used to clain that they were working for the people and the govt's policy were anti people
        
        govt also took steps on the policing front that included setting up of an elite anti naxal force - 'greyhounds', police officials under this initiative were provided with sophesticated machinery and extensive raining in guirella warfare
        
        this reduced the ned and overdependene on central police forces, therefore putting the state forces at the forefront of fighting against the naxalites
        
        dev schemes were backed by police response that helped in ensuring the sustainibility and safety of the created infrastructure
        
        govt supported initiatives such as greyhound by using local vigilante groups for providing intelligence and countering the propaganda of the naxalites
    - - centre and states should continue with their coordinated efforts where the centre should play a supportive role and the states should take a lead
      - govt should explore the use of technology such as -UAVs or small drones to minimise the loss of lives of security personnel
      - states should consider setting up of special anti naxal forces - eg:grey hound that can prove beneficial even for counter terrorist operations in the states
      - govt should leverage the media for highlighing the futility of naxal violence
      - the recurring attacks on the innocent civilians sgould be used to highlight the hollowness and sinister designs behind the ideologies of naxalites
      - general - improve/strentgth - TACs, infra, impemetation of schemes, connectivity, dev integrating local culture and ecology
    - - article 4 of their C defines the goal of the party as long term state capture
      - they dont believe in parliamentary democracy and talk about building up of armires to inflict decisive defeat on the enemies army
      - immediate aim of the party is to accomplish an new demcratic revolution in india by overthrowing imperialsim, feudalism and beuraucratic capitalism through a 'protracted long drawn peoples war'
  - - - insurgency(ig)
        
        armed rebellion of people against the State to overthrow them
        
        naxalism is a form of ig
        
        target is forces
        
        aim is to create their own State
      - militancy
        
        ig where people are outside people, ie foreign people
      - terrorism
        
        violence against society(indiscriminate - both state and people) to create terror/chaos
    - - 1946 - naga national council (NNC)formed heaed by A.Z Phizo to consider nagaland's inclusion in india - nehru decided kashmir types model - but eventually talks failed
      - 14th august 1947 - declared freedom from india and britain
      - declared rebellion against indian state
      - NNC raised army and govt in nagaland - parallel govt.
      - 1958 - AFSPA passed and implemented in nagaland
      - 1963 - after discussions, separate statehood status given to give some attonomy
      - 1970 - shillong accord signed -b/t indian govt and NNC for peace but insurgence continued
      - NNC changed to NSCN(nationalist socialist council of nagaland) - which further broke up into 2 - NSCN(I-M(iaasac muivah)) (- more active) and NSCN(K(khaplang))
      - still their is parallel govt
      - NSCN demand - country of 'greater nagalim' - nagaland state+ 4 districts of manipur+ some areas of arunachal and myanmar - home for all the 'nagas'
      - 2014 - govt of india claimed to signed naga peace framework with insurgent groups - its features not known
      - issue still to be solved
      - 371A - special relation to nagaland wrt indian state - has been diluted many times, no law of center on some issues(transfer of land, customery practices etc) will be applicable without consent of naga Legislative assembly
    - - hill state(under dev) with valley(dev, ) in b/w
      - tribal meities live in valley, follow vaishnavism - hence not SC - no reservation, dont get hill schemes benefits , dominant tribe in polity and economy
      - hill area - nagas(want freedom - to be part of greater nagalim), kuki(also started insurgence) tribe
      - hence these all tribes are fighting among themselves to get dominance in state - fight for resources, govt jobs
    - - 1965-ASSU - all assam student union - formed to protest against migration from other states and illegal migration from bangladesh(persecution of bengali pakistan by pakistan)
      - also, mineral industry and tea plantations were largely owned by non assamese - feared of becoming minority
      - 1979 - ULFA(united liberation front of assam) formed - demanded separate state
      - 1985 - tripartite agreement(b/w assam govt, centre, and ULFA) - assam accord - NRC to be done
      - anyone who came before 1961 - are full citizens, for 1961-1971 people - will be given citizenship after 10 years, after 1971 - to be deported
      - ULFA - insurgent group, not much public support now
      - bodo - largest tribe , want - 'bodoland autonomous council' under schedule 6
    - - mizo demand - soverign mizoram outside india
      - led by MNF - mizo national front (insurgent group)
      - 1986 - mizo accord signed b/w centre and MNF - separate state of mizoam formed in 1987
      - lal denga, MNF leader became its first chief minister
      - no as such insurgency in mizoramvsince then, but due to spillover effects of insurgency - AFSPA is active there
    - - achiks tribe(jaintia) and hywnitrepps(garo and khasi) = both came together to form HALC(hwnitrepps and achiks liberation council) demanding soverign meghalaya - due to influx of outsiders and interfaction ethnic rivalries
      - also imp is GNLA(garo national liberation army) demanding soverign 'garoland'
      - AFSPA active in some districts
    - - suffers from spillover effects of insurgency in the region
    - - changed from tribal dominated demography in 1947 to bengali speaking demography today - due to influx of migrants both legal and illegal
      - TNV(tripura national volunters ) and ATTF(all tripura tiger force) - all want soverign tripura and removal of outsiders
      - 2015 - AFSPA removed completely
      - 2002-3 - manik sarkar became CM - who strongly dealt with insurgency
- - - - use of state power to curb own people
      - eg: jacobin, holocaust, kurds, tiananmen square etc
    - - external state actor + supported NSA(non state actor) --> against a state
      - aka proxy war
      - eg: pak + ISI + (LeT, JeM, IM, SIMI) --> kashmir
      - support here means - ideological, financial, arms, training, infra, tech
      - pak failed in 1971 --> resorted to proxy war --> ' bleeding i through 1000 cuts'
    - - no direct link with any govt though indirect link cant be denied
      - eg:
        
        naxals, LTTE, NE extremists
        
        indian mujahideen
        
        marginalised indian youth is radicalised and given arms/training to conduct terror activity
        
        students islamic movement of india (SIMI)
        
        radicalise youth in wahabi ideology through educational institutions
        
        LeT, IM, SIMI claim to be NSA but are de-facto pak supported - this gives pak diplomatic immunity and a degree of deniability
    - - 2 countries utilising 3rd country's territory to fight
      - eg: islraeli diplomat attacked by iranian in new delhi
  - - - german bakery blast in pune, 2010
    - - ajmer dargah bombing 2007
      - akshardham temple 2002
    - - dense popn
      - hyper media attemtion
      - disrupts eco activity
      - easy to camoflage
      - attacking symbolic targets
  - - - intelligence gathering
        
        NATGRID, MAC, state police & central agencies
        
        recom - needs to fully operationalise
      - training & operations
        
        supervised by IB which coordinates with state police
        
        issues/recoms
        
        lack of unified command in bigger states
        
        4 new NSG hubs will help
      - investigations
        
        by NIA
        
        issue/recoms
        
        improvement needed in state machinery
      - prosecution
        
        issues/recoms
        
        sluggish courts
        
        need fast track justice
    - - multi agency centre (MAC)
        
        share terrorism related intelligence inputs on day to day basis
        
        facts
        
        made post kargil
        
        revamped post 26/11
      - NATGRID(National Intelligence Grid )
        
        data - tax, bank account details, credit card transactions etc
        
        available to - RAW, IB, CBI, FIU, ED etc
        
        issue/recom - make it fully operationalise
        
        'integrated intelligence grid' - link databases so as to detect comprehensive patterns
      - national counter terrorism centre
        
        under IB control
        
        single point agency for all counter terrorism activities
        
        made post 26/11
      - NIA(post 2008)
        
        concurrent jurisdiction( probe terror attacks in any part of the country without any specific permission from states)
    - - unlawful activities (prevention) act (UAPA)
        
        includes economic offences
        
        defines terrorists activities - intent to threaten unity, integrity, sovereignty, security and eco security, counterfeiting currency, procuring weapons, raising funds
        
        powers to court to attach property
        
        centre can add/remove org as terrorist org
      - NIA act 2008
        
        special NIA courts
        
        concurrent jurisdiction
        
        trials under this act have highest precedence
    - - mutual legal assistance treaties
      - joint working groups to counter terrorism
    - - malayan
        
        identify area (by ATS, special task force) --> identify terrorists (by military intelligence) --> eliminate terrorists (army)
      - preventive (by IB)
        
        detect sensitive areas,
        
        identify grievances &
        
        ask police to handle them
      - counter proxy war (by RAW)
        
        against a country doing proxy war or in national interest
        
        eg: baluchistan liberation army
- - - - structural group of >= 3 persons with an aim of committing crimes for eco benefits
    - - continuity over a period of time
      - profit driven
      - generally has element of collusion
    - - traditional
        
        organised crime
        
        includes - betting, extortion, prostitution, sand mafia etc
        
        aspects
        
        based on power over local communities
        
        generally family organisation
        
        terrorism
        
        support from suppressed communities
        
        military model with top down approach
      - modern
        
        organised crime
        
        includes - ML, hawala, trafficking(trade in something illegal) and smuggling(illegal movement of goods into or out of a country) in drugs and arms, fake currency, human trafficking
        
        aspects
        
        have global markets
        
        by network of entrepreneurs
        
        terrorism
        
        sympathisers around the world
        
        ideologically driven
  - - - mainly external funding - from pak and gulf countries - reach via ML and hawala
      - drugs prodn and smuggling
      - FICN smuggled - spread to rest of i
    - - many parallel govts running
      - govt officials bribed & threatened to award contract to individuals patronised by militant groups
      - even essential commodities like food grains are sold to the public through these groups at high prices
      - extortion (of businessmen) , kidnapping, black marketing
      - transnational drugs & arm syndicated to cover up any shortfall from above
        
        entry point - moreh, chittagong hill tracts, cox's bazaar
    - - cartels are moving towards clean money through legitimate businesses like manufacturing making it even hared to detect
      - drugs smuggling - i lies b/w golden crescent(PIA) & golden triangle(MLT)
      - dawood ibrahim's D company - drugs smuggling, match fixing, supari
  - - - increasing addicts - 40 lakh addicts
      - high smuggling - golden crescent & golden triangle
      - bitcoin usage - difficult to trace
      - tardy surveillance
    - - addiction
      - diseases - cancer, injecting reused needles leading to HIV/AIDS
      - mental illness - depression, anxiety
      - loss of lives
      - drug money used in t
    - - signatory to UN's conventions
      - national policy on NDPS
      - narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act (NDPS act)
      - border patrolling