taking extreme position or actions wrt common standards set by society

sometimes negative - eg: exclusiv dev, making dam, underdev

should address the lack of resources, capabilities and opportunities to overcome deprivation

generally their belief system doesn't allow much room for the existence of other views

often cited as an offshoot of maldevelopment when governance fails to address the concerns of certain section of society - here e rises as potent weapon in the hands of the people to express themselves.

improper/non implementation of land reforms esp in rural areas

missing social justice - people still discriminated, force them to take law in their own hands to get justice

missing physical infra in NE - insurgents hide easily, operations against them become difficult

dis-incentivise NGOs, private investment

diversion of fund to law and order - social sector spendings suffer

gives excuse to state to use force - collateral damage, human rights violence

becomes a concern when it turns into violent e - committing or supporting ideologically motivated violence

encompasses needs and means to provide better lives to masses

no one in this world can be comfortable or safe when so many people are suffering and deprived - kofi annan

inspired by french revolution, karl marx estd theory of communism(revolution to estd class less society - he didnt explain the nature of revolution) - followed by ruussian rvolution - lenin and then stallin - both were dictatorial - then in early 1950s -maozedong came to power in china - who wanted to esd comnmunism by the barrel of gun - called maosim(ie, estd communisim by violent means)

1967 - farmers(ppor, underdeveloped, no accessto resources, raping, abduction) were exploilted by zamindars/elite/moneylenders, police also with elite

charu majumdar(father of naxalism), kanu sanyal - living innaxalbari, members of CPI(marxist) who is ruling state govt with congress support - CPI was not estabilishing communism, made them frustated

immediate incident - a farmer won case over zamindar for his land but when he came back to cultivate his land, zamindar send his goons

charu majumdar started violent revolt against elites and govt officials - murders, burnt land records

revolt failed but in larger picture - its significance - 1st time LWE seen, gave confidence to left wingers

charu majumdar estd his own party - CPI(MLeninist) - an extremist party declared unlawful by act of govt

started as violent agrarian movement but slowly it was overtaken in spirit ( to get rights to people) by sinister movemet concentrated on money and power

LWE outburst started in 1967 in naxalbari region of darjeling, draws influence from the ideas of marx, stalin and maozedong. started as an agrarian movement in naxalbari to take up the causes of exploited and the poor, but gradually degenerated into a law and order problem due to the entry of antisocial and antinational elements in their cadres. today LWE is an e movement targeted against the indian State and wants to overthrow the existing soio-political eco order/system in the country with the use of extreme means of violence. LWE has been reffered as the gravest internal security threat that faces india by the former PM of the country

as per reports of home ministry, >12000 people have been killed as a result of naxal violence b/w 1998 and 2018

regions affcted by naxal violence -AP in south to the brdering region of UP and bihar in the north. this region of e violence as been infamously termed as the 'red corridor'

guerilla warfare (used for disproportionate fight) - weaker will use hide- attack-hide

gradual spread to nearby state - bighar, orissa, jharkhand, Andra pradesh

expansion to urban areas - due to unemployment, communim is revolution which inspired youth

govt introduced reforms - land reforms etc to chill rural areeas people

strong centre - crackdown on these groups - naxalism went underground

flawed implementation of 1991 reforms displaced people -private companies and hydropower projects wanted land

2004 - CPI(maoists) formed by merger of MCC(maoist communist centre, operational in bihar) and PWG(people's war group, Andhra pradesh), the 2 biiggest communist groups. CPI(maoists) - was banned under UAPA act

govt retaliated - operation Greenhunt - to flush out naxalites from interiors of affected states

reduced to 120 districts from >200 (LWE affected) currently with only 40 severly affected

non implementation of land reorms and continued exploitation by zamindars/moneylenders

forced eviction and displacement - hydropower projects and industries - 80% people displaced in these projects are adivasis

british - indian forest act, 1927 - allwed exploitation of forest resources, no person allwed to use forest without british consent

post independe- law repealed but no new law made- adivasis were at mercy of state forests departments officials

1980 - forest conservation act, declared illegal to reside and use forest - adivasis declared illegal resident in their own lands

they dont have money to go to courts, naxalites estd their own 'kangaroo courts'

free hand to mining by govt to private people and illegal mining - 'resource curse'

misgovernance at low/ execution levels - tribals felt exploited at hands of govt, absence of officials due to fear, corruption

non implementation of constitutional (failure of 5th schedule - governer governs with help of tribal advisory council) - failed -non formatiojn of TAC, their recomendation not heard) and legal measures(panchsheel policy)

vested interest in perpatrating and continuing naxalism - naxalites blow schools, road construction, basic facilities

state forest dep on gram sabha recom can allot forest as community forest - minor forest produce can be used and selled

to bring DC, SP, and DFO (forest dep) in one committee for convergence of schemes and funds

aspirational district program

media plan - songs, drama created to reach rural people to create awareness about reality of naxalism

PM khanij kshetra kalyan yojana - distrcit miniral foudation created to develop mining affected areas

modernisation of police forces - provide money to state govt to develop state police forces, not linited to naxalite areas

CAP-civic action program - community outreach progam to bridge trust deficit b/w forces and citizens

security related expenditure scheme - centre reimburse states for expenses (transport cost, bullet jacktets etc) made to upkeep/maintain state police forces fighting against naxalism

SAMADHAN doctrine by MoHA - to guide action of police forces

states have launched their surrender cum rehabilitation scheme

many districts which witnessed LWE activities historically have shown signs of easing down

therefore govt has also been considering redrawing the red corridor

but at the same time this decline should not be confused eith desimation of the naxalites as naxal violence has shown a spike since 2016

ther have been several lacunae in govt's approach that need to be adressed to ensure the resolution of these issues

negligience in estabilishing SOPs(standard operation procedures) that has led to loss of valuable lives of security personnel - eg:sukma attach

culnerabilities such as poor planning, insufficient intelligence back and excessive dependence on CAPF have resulted in making the fight against naxalitrs inefficient

capacity builiding of state police forces has been ignored leading to excessive dependence of CAPF - this phenomenon also means that much aluable intelligence and understanding available with state police forces is hardly utilised in anti naxal operations

lack of cooredination b/w centre and states nd among the states

lack of coordination and concentrated efforts by the civilian and police admin has also resulted in ineffective implementation of dev and law and order measures

the lack of responsibility on the part of the states is also a major concern in fight against nxalism

clear hold and develop strategy - given by p chidambaram

through the 1990s, the state was suffering massively from naxal violence

abolition of patwari system of village administration - perceieved to be extrmely corrupt by the local villagers

focus on provisding basic goods and aminities at subsidised rates to the locals

extension of subsidies for power in farming sectr along with scholarshoip for the students

govt launched massive program for digitisation of land reforms to accelerate the agenda of land reforms -this approach helped in alienting the people from naxal who used to clain that they were working for the people and the govt's policy were anti people

govt also took steps on the policing front that included setting up of an elite anti naxal force - 'greyhounds', police officials under this initiative were provided with sophesticated machinery and extensive raining in guirella warfare

this reduced the ned and overdependene on central police forces, therefore putting the state forces at the forefront of fighting against the naxalites

dev schemes were backed by police response that helped in ensuring the sustainibility and safety of the created infrastructure

govt supported initiatives such as greyhound by using local vigilante groups for providing intelligence and countering the propaganda of the naxalites

centre and states should continue with their coordinated efforts where the centre should play a supportive role and the states should take a lead

govt should explore the use of technology such as -UAVs or small drones to minimise the loss of lives of security personnel

states should consider setting up of special anti naxal forces - eg:grey hound that can prove beneficial even for counter terrorist operations in the states

govt should leverage the media for highlighing the futility of naxal violence

the recurring attacks on the innocent civilians sgould be used to highlight the hollowness and sinister designs behind the ideologies of naxalites

general - improve/strentgth - TACs, infra, impemetation of schemes, connectivity, dev integrating local culture and ecology

article 4 of their C defines the goal of the party as long term state capture

they dont believe in parliamentary democracy and talk about building up of armires to inflict decisive defeat on the enemies army

immediate aim of the party is to accomplish an new demcratic revolution in india by overthrowing imperialsim, feudalism and beuraucratic capitalism through a 'protracted long drawn peoples war'

violence against society(indiscriminate - both state and people) to create terror/chaos

1946 - naga national council (NNC)formed heaed by A.Z Phizo to consider nagaland's inclusion in india - nehru decided kashmir types model - but eventually talks failed

1963 - after discussions, separate statehood status given to give some attonomy

1970 - shillong accord signed -b/t indian govt and NNC for peace but insurgence continued

NNC changed to NSCN(nationalist socialist council of nagaland) - which further broke up into 2 - NSCN(I-M(iaasac muivah)) (- more active) and NSCN(K(khaplang))

NSCN demand - country of 'greater nagalim' - nagaland state+ 4 districts of manipur+ some areas of arunachal and myanmar - home for all the 'nagas'

2014 - govt of india claimed to signed naga peace framework with insurgent groups - its features not known

371A - special relation to nagaland wrt indian state - has been diluted many times, no law of center on some issues(transfer of land, customery practices etc) will be applicable without consent of naga Legislative assembly

hill state(under dev) with valley(dev, ) in b/w

tribal meities live in valley, follow vaishnavism - hence not SC - no reservation, dont get hill schemes benefits , dominant tribe in polity and economy

hill area - nagas(want freedom - to be part of greater nagalim), kuki(also started insurgence) tribe

hence these all tribes are fighting among themselves to get dominance in state - fight for resources, govt jobs

1965-ASSU - all assam student union - formed to protest against migration from other states and illegal migration from bangladesh(persecution of bengali pakistan by pakistan)

also, mineral industry and tea plantations were largely owned by non assamese - feared of becoming minority

1979 - ULFA(united liberation front of assam) formed - demanded separate state

1985 - tripartite agreement(b/w assam govt, centre, and ULFA) - assam accord - NRC to be done

anyone who came before 1961 - are full citizens, for 1961-1971 people - will be given citizenship after 10 years, after 1971 - to be deported

bodo - largest tribe , want - 'bodoland autonomous council' under schedule 6

1986 - mizo accord signed b/w centre and MNF - separate state of mizoam formed in 1987

no as such insurgency in mizoramvsince then, but due to spillover effects of insurgency - AFSPA is active there

achiks tribe(jaintia) and hywnitrepps(garo and khasi) = both came together to form HALC(hwnitrepps and achiks liberation council) demanding soverign meghalaya - due to influx of outsiders and interfaction ethnic rivalries

also imp is GNLA(garo national liberation army) demanding soverign 'garoland'

changed from tribal dominated demography in 1947 to bengali speaking demography today - due to influx of migrants both legal and illegal

TNV(tripura national volunters ) and ATTF(all tripura tiger force) - all want soverign tripura and removal of outsiders

2002-3 - manik sarkar became CM - who strongly dealt with insurgency

illegal use of violence esp against civilians to further certain political/social/ideological objectives

external state actor + supported NSA(non state actor) --> against a state

support here means - ideological, financial, arms, training, infra, tech

marginalised indian youth is radicalised and given arms/training to conduct terror activity

radicalise youth in wahabi ideology through educational institutions

LeT, IM, SIMI claim to be NSA but are de-facto pak supported - this gives pak diplomatic immunity and a degree of deniability

pak failed in 1971 --> resorted to proxy war --> ' bleeding i through 1000 cuts'

modus operandi - fully online - radicalisation, training, recruitment & moeny transfer

'integrated intelligence grid' - link databases so as to detect comprehensive patterns

defines terrorists activities - intent to threaten unity, integrity, sovereignty, security and eco security, counterfeiting currency, procuring weapons, raising funds

concurrent jurisdiction( probe terror attacks in any part of the country without any specific permission from states)

identify area (by ATS, special task force) --> identify terrorists (by military intelligence) --> eliminate terrorists (army)

heading at global stage to seek early conclusion of compressive convention on t at UN

effective ear and eyes scheme - collection of terrorist-related intelligence directly from the public

strengthening police capabilities & provide modern equipments