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ATTRIBUTION THEORY AND RESEARCH (Beliefs --> about the causes and…
ATTRIBUTION THEORY AND RESEARCH
Recent topic: Other perception and self perception
People interpret behavior in terms of its cause --> these interpretation determines reactions to the behavior
the subject decides internal (he wants) and external ( pressure put on him) causes for the other's compliance on the basis of the other's perceived power
Attribution: the perception or inference of cause
Systematic assessment or manipulation of antecedents + no interest in consequences beyond the attributions themselves -->
attribution research
Consequences of attribution + assessment or manipulation of perceived causes and measurement of their effects on behavior, feelings and expectancies -->
attributional research
Common
: both are interested in the causal explanations
Antecedents of Attribution
Jones & Davis's (1965) = theory of correspondent inference : concerns a naive perceiver's explanation for a target person's action
The fewer distinctive reasons an actor has for an action
The less these reasons are widely shared in the culture
--> The more informative is that action about identifying disposition of the actor
The three class of antecedent:
Information: the consequences of the action compare with the consequences of other actions the actor might have taken
Beliefs: what other actors would do in the same situation (social desirability)
Motivation
Information
1. Non - common Effect:
the consequences of alternative action is used to infer the intention behind a particular act
2. Covariation = ANOVA Model (Kelly - 1967)
Involves causal factors: P (persons) + S (Stimuli) + T (times)
Function: The attribution of a given P's response to a certain S on a particular occasion (T) depends on the perception of the degree of
-->
Consensus
(Agreement) with other P's responses to S
-->
Consistency
with P's response to S at other I
-->
Distinctiveness:
from P's response to other Ss
certain patterns of information lead to certain attributions
the nature of effect has no bearing on its attribution,
3. Similarity and Contiguity
The rule of similarity: properties of the cause are assumed to be similar to properties of the observed effect (Schulz & Ravinsky 1977)
Temporal contiguity: the events to be distinguished as cause and effects occur at essentially the same point in time
Salience
: applied to the question of whether an actor's behavior will be attributed to him or to the situation in which it occurs
5. Primacy:
a person scans and interprets a sequence of information until he attains an attribution from it and then disregards later information or assimilates (take in) it to his earlier impression
Comments
:
the use of a broad set of information and selection among a sizable set of causal explanations --> Non common effect + Covariation
those processes reply heavily on the earliest or salient information and setting for the first adequate explanation consistent with it --> Salience + primacy effects
Beliefs
--> about the causes and effects involved
--> Given a certain effect: there are suppositions about its causes
--> Given a certain cause: there are expectations about its effects
Suppositions about success and failure
Expectations about actors: reflects beliefs about past consistency
Expectations about behavior in situation: the likelihood of the occurrence of a particular behavior in a particular situation --> these expectations constitute assumptions about consensus
Discounting and augmentation: behavior tends to be attributed to the situation and contraindicated (limited) behavior to the person
--> less attribution of a behavior -correspondent disposition (cố hữu) to the actor when his behavior is expected/ constrained
--> more attribution of a behavior - correspondent disposition for the contraindicated behavior
Insufficient discounting: the attribution of attitudes
Causal schemata: the common person's conception of how two or more causes combine to produce a certain effect
Effects of beliefs on information processing:
Motivation
Motivation to make attributions: the attribution process is dependence of the perceiver on another person
Motivation for self - enhancement and self - protection:
self - attribution of positive behaviors --> self - enhancement
negative behavior --> self - protection
Motivation for positive presentation of the self to others: communicated attribution
Motivation for belief in effective control: the person can satisfy his goals through his own efforts --> such attributions should be beneficial in promoting expectations that goals will be reached
Actor's vesus Observer's Attributions
Cognitive factors : informational, perceptual and processing differences
--> the observer knows nothing about the actor than his behavior in a particular situation or in a limited range of situations
--> the actors knows of his behavior in many situations and is aware of its cross - situational variability
The observer may assume more consistency of behavior and infer dispositional causality.
Motivational factors: differences in concerns about self -evaluation and self - presentation
--> the different interests in how a given event is explained
Consequences of Attribution
Person versus Environment:
--> whether an action is attributed to the actor or to some aspect of the environment affects such things as liking for the actor, trust in him, and his persuasiveness
--> consistency and distinctiveness of one's own judgements provide a basis for confidence in their veridicality, the apparent consistency and distinctiveness of another person's judgements afford confidence that he has a creditable view of the world.
Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation
--> Intrinsic motivation: being done for the inherent satisfaction they yield
--> Extrinsic motivation: being done for the external goals too which they lead
Various causes for arousal: the symptoms associated with the flow of adrenaline
Hidden cause
False cause
False feedback: Selective arousal + selective quiescence
Skill versus chance:
Stable - unstable
Internal - external (lotus)
Globality
Intentional - Unintentional
Antecedents
Information
Belief
Motivation
Attributions
Perceived causes
Consequences
Behavior
Affect
Expectancy