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MENTAL HEALTH (MENTAL HEALTH A state of well being through which an…

- - - - High levels of social and emotional wellbeing
        
        Social: ability to have satisfying relationships with others
        
        Emotional: Ability to control emotions and express them appropriately and comfortably
      - High level of functioning where the individual carries out adaptive behaviours
        
        Adaptive behaviours: Actions that enable a person to effectively carry out everyday tasks
      - Show resilience
        
        Resilience:the ability to cope and recover from adversity or tough times and restore positive functioning.
        
        Psychological Factors:A person's coping strategies, personality and therapy (CBT, psychodynamic psychotherapy, dialect behavioural therapy)
        
        Social Factors:A person's living situation, support, finances, situation at work or school.
        
        Biological Factors: Genetics, general medical condition and pharmacotherapy
        
        Pharmacotherapy: The science of drugs
        
        ABC MODEL OF RESILIENCE
        
        Adversity: Being in a challenging situation
        
        Beliefs: Interpreting the situation
        
        Consequences: What you do as a result of the situation
        
        Adequate sleep and diet (biological), cognitive behavioural strategies (psychological), support from family and friends (social)
  - - - Internal Locus of Control: You make things happen
      - External Locus of Control: Things happen to you.
- - - - Activates FFF
        
        SEVERE ANXIETY
        
        Can be counterproductive and disabling and reduce our ability to concentrate, learnm make accurate judgements and perform motor tasks.
  - - - Eustress and distress
  - - - Interferes with daily life
    - - Definition: An excessive or unreasonable (out of proportion) fear of a particular object or situation
      - Phobic stimulus: Object or situation producing the fear
      - A DISORDER THAT CAUSES DISTRESS AND INTERFERES WITH A PERSON'S FUNCTIONING THROUGH AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOURS
      - SPECIFIC PHOBIA
        
        Animal: Spiders, snakes, dogs, mice
        
        Situational: aeroplanes, elevators, closed spaces, open spaces
        
        Natural environment: heights, storms, darkness
        
        Blood-injection-injury: getting cut, seeing blood, having blood taken
        
        Stress response/panic attack: sudden onset of intense fear or feelings of impending doom
        
        shortness of breath, racing heart, sweaty, trembling, dizziness, nausea
        
        Anticipatory anxiety: when a phobic stimulus can't be avoided with endure and intense anxiety
        
        CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO DEVELOPING
        
        BIOLOGICAL
        
        PRECIPITATING
        
        Role of the stress response
        
        The stress response (FFF) is activated because there is a perceived threat or impeding harm at sight or thought of a phobic stimulus
        
        PERPETUATING
        
        Long term potentiation
        
        Contributes to the learning and memory of the fear through strengthening the synaptic connection. Will most likely occur in the AMYGDALA.
        
        PREDISPOSING
        
        Neurotransmitter dysfunction (GABA)
        
        GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that acts like a calming agent to the excitatory neurotransmitters that lead to anxiety. There is a failure to produce, release or receive the correct amount of GABA needed to regulate neuronal transmission therefore people with GABA dysfunctions are more vulnerable to anxiety.
        
        PROTECTIVE
        
        Use of GABA agonists, controlled breathing and physical exercise
        
        Benzodiazepenes
        
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        Breathing retraining
        
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        Physical exercise
        
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        PSYCHOLOGICAL
        
        PRECIPITATING
        
        Classical conditioning
        
        Little Albert. Neutral stimulus or unconditioned stimulus becomes, by association, a sign of impending threat or danger (conditioned stimulus)
        
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        PERPETUATING
        
        Operant conditioning, cognitive bias including both memory bias and catastrophic thinking
        
        After the stimulus has been conditioned into a phobia, it can be perpetuated and maintained through operant conditioning. People tend to avoid the phobic stimulus which is negative reinforcement that strengthens that likelihood of the behaviour being repeated as it lower levels of anxiety. However, this strengthens the fear as they aren't in direct contact with the phobic stimulus
        
        Cognitive Bias: Habitual ways of thinking that can make an individual more vulnerable to developing specific phobia
        
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        PROTECTIVE
        
        CBT strategies and systematic desensitisation
        
        CBT: The changing of thoughts and behaviours that perpetuate the phobia to improve coping skills. It allows an individual to develop a new understanding that their feared stimulus is not dangerous or harmful.
        
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        SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION: aims to replace an anxiety response with a relaxation response. This is done through gradual and repeated exposure to the phobic stimuli with a goal.
        
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        SOCIAL
        
        PRECIPITATING
        
        Specific environmental triggers
        
        Through classical conditioning an individual can associate an experience with a traumatic event that occured (natural disaster, death, loss of significant relationship)
        
        PERPETUATING
        
        Stigma related to receiving treatment
        
        A mark or feeling of disgrace based around the fact that you have a mental disorder or phobia and therefore you are less likely to seek treatment as it's humiliating and you can cope on your own.
        
        PROTECTIVE
        
        Psychoeducation for family and supporters
        
        Increased understanding of symptoms, treatment, services available and recovery patterns
- - - - Single Blind: Participants are the only ones unaware of whether they are in the control or experimental group
- - - - rumination and impaired reasoning/memory
    - - poor response to medication due to genetic factors (pharmacogenetics)
    - - role of stigma as a barrier to getting treatment
  - - - poor sleep, substance use
    - - stress
    - - loss of a significant relationship
  - - - disorganised attachment
    - - personality traits
    - - genetic vulnerability
  - - - cognitive behaviour strategies
    - - support from friends, family and community
    - - adequate diet and sleep
- - - - linear relationship