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Pseudoscience ((Astrology, Demonology, Psychics, Religion, oracles,…

- - - - Alt. Sources
        
        Personal experience
        
        Tradition
        
        Authority/ Experts
        
        Common sense
      - Knowledge and Objectivity
    - - Applied Research
        
        Crime Problem
        
        Academic of Criminal Justice Science (ACJS)
        
        Addresses a specific concern or to offer solutions to a problem
      - Generates knowledge for the sake of knowledge
      - Causes of Crime
      - American Society of Criminology (ASC)
    - - Descriptive Research
        To “paint” a picture to answer the questions such as who, when, where, or how
      - Explanatory Research
        To explain why events occur and to build, elaborate, or test a theory
      - Exploratory Research
        To examine a litttextle understood (crime) issue
      - Evaluational Research
        Does particular crime control policy work?
    - - Replication
      - Verification
      - No Preferred Rigor
      - Probabilistic in Nature
      - Tentative in nature
    - - Interpretive Social Science
        
        Gathers data through Observation & interview
        
        Qualitative research method
        
        The meaning of social world differs from person to person
        
        Immerse in the subject matter
        
        Subjective Reality (Verstehen)
        
        Qualitative research method
        
        Exacting Stories/Themes
        
        (Small) Sample/Saturation
        
        Experiences
        
        Hypothesis/Theory Generating
        
        Researcher Is the Instrument
        
        Inductive reasoning
        
        Interpretive Social Science
        
        Qualitative Methodology
        
        Specific Observations to Generalization
      - Critical Social Science
        
        Sources of Inequality, Injustice and Oppression
        
        Purpose is to Break the Illusion
        
        Reinterpreted Evidence in Critical Theoretical Framework
        
        Deep Structure or an Illusion
        
        Both Objective & Subjective
      - Positivist Social Science
        
        Gathers data through
        
        sample
        
        experiment
        
        measurement
        
        Quantitative research method
        
        Testing the theory
        
        Verification by direct human experience
        
        Absolute (Social) Truths & Causality
        
        Objective Reality (Objectivism)
        
        The Quantitative research method
        
        Theory testing
        
        Prefer Large Sample
        
        Statistical Testing
        
        Numerical Values/Data
        
        Standardized/Exact Measurement
        
        Deductive reasoning
        
        Positivist Social Science
        
        Quantitative Methodology
        
        From General to Specific