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"Locating cities on global circuits" by Saskia Sassen (2002)…

- - - - Over the centuries, cities have been at the crossroads of major, often worldwide, processes. The difference today is the intensity, complexity and global span of these networks, the extent to which significant portions of economies are now dematerialised and digitised and hence the extent to which they can travel at great speeds through some of these networks, and the number of cities that are part of cross-border networks operating on vast geographic scales.
      - Highly specialised differentiation between cities. (Sassen 2018)
      - The framework of "the global city"?
        
        In brief, in the age of globalisation, the activities of production are scattered on a global basis. These complex, globalised production networks require new forms of financial and producer services to manage them. They are often complex and require highly specialised skills. Thus, they tend to cluster in a limited number of cities, which means that there are actually quite a few of these specialised production nodes, but they don’t necessarily directly compete with each other, having different groupings of specialties.
        
        Global cities are different from the old capitals in that they are a function of cross-border networks rather than simply the most powerful city of an empire.
        
        "The global city is an extreme space for the production and/or implementation of very diverse and very complex intermediate capabilities." (Sassen 2016)
        
        The global city only makes sense as a component of a global network of strategic sites.
      - There have long been cross-border economic processes—flows of capital, labour, goods, raw materials, tourists—but took place within the inter-state system, where the key articulators were national states. This has changed over the last decades as a result of privatisation, deregulation, the opening up of national economies to foreign firms, and the growing participation of national economic actors in global markets. Therefore the strategic territories of the new system are different.(Sassen 2005)
    - - How the development of information and communication technologies have affected cities?
      - Are global cities becoming more important than nation-states?
      - Which cities are the winners? Are they competing in the same race?
      - Can the position in the hierarchy become more important than the north-south divide?
- - - - Most famous for her research on cities, immigration, and states in the world economy with globalisation, inequality, and digitalisation as some of her key points.
- - - - The complex articulation between capital fixity and capital mobility.
      - The hierarchy of cities in a global economy.
      - Disproportionate concentration in the global North.
    - - Global financial markets.
      - Cross-border mergers and acquisitions today dominate the global FDI flows, but they are heavily concentrated in the OECD countries.
      - New forms of centrality.
      - Firm’s operations.
    - - The specific forms assumed by globalisation over the last decade have created particular organisational requirements.
      - Expansion in command functions and in the demand for specialised services for firms.
  - - - The concentration of state-of-the-art office buildings, top talent, and the social networking infrastructure that maximises connectivity in cities.
      - There are 2 types of information and the second one is still in the global financial centres, it entails negotiating a series of datums and a series of interpretations of a mix of datums in the hope of producing a higher-order datum.
    - - The various centres don’t just compete with each other: there is collaboration and division of labour.
      - These developments may well ensure the consolidation of a stratum of select financial centres at the top of the worldwide network of 30 or 40 cities through which the global financial industry operates
    - - The nationality question simply plays differently
        in these sectors than it did even a decade ago, especially due to deregulation and privatisation.
      - A new sub-culture, a move from the “national” version of international activities to the “global” version.
      - For example, investment banks used to split up their analysts’ team by country to cover a national market; now they are more likely to do it by industrial sector.