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An infant has been brought in, previously diagnosed with circulatory…

- - - - Painful swelling of hands and/or feet
      - Fatigue or fussiness from anemia
      - Yellowish color in skin and/or eyes
    - - Only known cure is bone marrow or stem cell transplant
      - Generally only for life threatening cases
      - Can be kept under control for healthy life through many other methods
    - - Severe pain
      - Anemia
      - Organ damage
      - Infections
- - - - Site of most cell activities
      - Holds majority of organelles
      - Cellular material between membrane and nucleus
      - Consists of 3 parts
        
        Inclusions
        
        Chemical substances that may or not be present depending on the type of cell
        
        Organelles
        
        Metabolic machinery of the cell, each carrying out a specific function
        
        Cytosol
        
        Viscous, semi transparent liquid where everything is suspended
    - - Chromatin
        
        DNA makes the genes (coding for specific proteins)
      - Nucleoplasm
        
        Substance of the cell nucleus
        
        Broth for the genetic soup
      - Nuclear Pore
        
        Allow necessary proteins to enter nucleus from cytoplasm
      - Nucleolus
        
        Site of ribosome subunit manufacture
      - Nuclear Envelope
        
        Seperates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
        
        Regulates passage of substances to and from nucleus
    - - Semi-permeable
        
        Non-ionic, small molecules allowed to pass
      - Phospholipid Bilayer
        
        Polar heads, hydrophobic tails
  - - - Function in Body
        
        Energy
        
        Simple sugars already partially digested, complex sugars take longer to break down
        
        Structure - fiber and cellulose in plants or Chitin
      - Examples
        
        Simple sugars, ending in -ose
        
        Glucose, Sucrose, Cellulose, Starch, Chitin
      - Chemical Composition
        
        1:2:1 ratio always
        
        C6H12O6; Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
      - Other Special Characterisitcs
        
        Simple sugars are sweet to the tongue, but not good for the body as they are absorbed quickly, causing quick but not lasting energy
        
        Glycosidic linkage - a covalent bond formed between monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
      - Monomer
        
        Monosaccharide; glucose, sucrose
        
        Polysaccharide = many or chain of Monosaccharides
        
        Disaccharide - two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
    - - Function in Body
        
        Storing Energy
        
        Cell membrane structure
      - Examples
        
        Fat, Oil, Wax
        
        Phospholipids (Lipids with Phosphorus)
        
        Cell membranes
        
        Steroid Hormones, Sex Hormones
      - Chemical Composition
        
        C H O; Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
        
        NOT in 1:2:1 ratio
        
        Sometimes special N and P groups (NItrogen, Phosphorous)
      - Other Special Characteristics
        
        Most are non-polar and hydrophobic
        
        Phospholipids are amphipathic (consisting of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts)
        
        Hydrophilic Head, Hydrophobic tails
      - Monomer
        
        Anchor point (glycerol) with 2 fatty acid chains (tails) coming off it
        
        Triglycerides - 3 tailed lipid monomers
    - - Function in Body
        
        Major Structural Components
        
        Hormones
        
        Antibodies
        
        Enzymes
        
        Movement
      - Examples
        
        Proteins in: Meat, eggs, dairy and sometimes plants
      - Chemical Composition
        
        C H O N; Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
        
        Sometimes can have an S (Sulfur)
      - Other Special Characteristics
        
        Peptides are shorter than 200 amino acids
        
        Peptide bonds hold together Hydrogen and give shape
        
        Amino Acids have 4 levels of structure #
        
        Secondary Structure
        
        Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
        
        Primary Structure
        
        Linear Chain of amino acids
        
        Tertiary Structure
        
        3-D shape stabilized by interactions between side chains
        
        Quaternary Structure
        
        Association of two or more polypeptides (few proteins)
        
        Denaturing
        
        pH, salt, or temperature is altered significantly, proteins will unravel and lose its shape
        
        Denatured proteins are essentially dead/inactive, and no longer function
      - Monomer
        
        Amino Acids; some are polar some aren't (20 different kinds)
    - - Function in Body
        
        DNA - stores genetic information
        
        RNA - access and use DNA
        
        DNA --> mRNA --> protein
        
        Transcription ----> Translation
      - Examples
        
        DNA
        
        RNA - 3 kinds and additional RNA in other organelles
      - Chemical Composition
        
        C H O N P; Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
      - Other special Characteristics
        
        Human cells have 46 huge DNA molecules called Chromosomes
        
        Gametes only carry half the number of chromosomes as normal cells
      - Monomer
        
        Nucleotides
        
        Sugar-phosphate nitrogen base
  - - - Phosphate
        
        Phosphate group that attaches itself to the sugar to form the 'backbone' of DNA
      - Nitrogenous Base (5)
        
        C
        
        Cytosine pairs with Guanine
        
        G
        
        Guanine pairs with Cytosine
        
        T
        
        Thymine pairs with Adenine
        
        U
        
        Uracil (RNA) pairs with Adenine
        
        A
        
        Adenine pairs with Thymine
      - Sugar
        
        Pentose sugar known as Deoxiribose, hence the name Deoxiribonucleic Acid (DNA)
    - - Ribonucleic Acid
      - Primarily acts as messenger for DNA
      - In viral cells, is the main source of genetic information
    - - Packs and protects DNA in the nucleus
      - Material that makes up chromosomes
    - - One half of a chromosome
    - - Two chromatids joined together, making a threadlike organelle comprised of DNA
  - - - Site of ATP synthesis (where ADP becomes ATP)
      - Powerhouse of the cell
    - - Sugar groups are attached to proteins
      - Proteins are bound in vesicles and sent to the golgi
      - Outside face synthesizes phospholipids
    - - Packages, modifies, and segregates proteins to be released from cell
      - Modifies carbohydrates on proteins
    - - Detoxify toxic substances
      - Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide
    - - Intercellular digestion
    - - Intermidiate Filaments
        
        Stable cytoskeletal elements/resist mechanical forces on cell
      - Microtubules
        
        Support and give cell shape
        
        Involved in intra/cellular movement
        
        Form centrioles and cilia and flagella
      - Microfilaments
        
        Involved in muscle contraction and other intracellular movement
        
        Help form cells cytoskeleton
    - - Part of the centrosome
      - Organize the microtubule network
      - Form spindle and asters during mitosis
      - Form bases of cilia and flagella and basal bodies
    - - Coordinated movement propels substances across cell surface
    - - Propels the cell
      - Generally only found in unicellular organisms
    - - Increases surface area for absorption
    - - Site of protein synthesis
    - - Lipid and steroid synthesis
      - Lipid metabolism
      - Drug Detoxification
      - Ca2+ storage