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population(p) and associated issues (vulnerable sections (child, old age,…
population(p) and associated issues
debate wrt high p
liability
it exerts pressure on existing resources
reason for - socio-eco problems - relative dep, social unrest
asset
human capital(growth potential)
cultural - edu, skills and health
social - mutual trust, harmony, good networking
economic capital - jobs, infra, wages, working conditions
induction of 3 capitals can turn human resource to human capital
which will end p to be liability and become asset
vicious cycle of p and poverty breaks
demography (de)
types
social - social analysis(causes and consequences) of same statistics
formal - means statistics
demographic dividend(dd)
meaning
economic growth potential created due to the bulge in the working age p(15-59)
how dd created due to bulge/benefits
dependent p<independent p - leads to
high income less expenditure -leads to
increase in savings - lead to increase in investment
high income also increases demand of goods
increased labour of supply - prices of goods low - increase in their demand
issues
general
necessary condition for dd
quality of workforce - health, edu, skills
job opportunity
if condition not met - dd may turn to d disaster
bulge only creates potential - doesn't guarantee growth
i specific
popn age group heterogeneity
facts
60% popn - working age
15-29 age group - 35% popn
median age by 2022 - 28 years
dd started in early 2000s - available for 5 decades
meaning
characteristic of p - like - birth/death rate, life expectancy, composition, literacy, migration, age structure etc
aspects of p change
fertility
meaning
actual reproductive performance of an individual
fact
i's f rate -reduced to 2.18
challenge is regional variation
UP, bihar, jharkhand, manipur, meghalya, mizoram and nagaland - f rate higher than n average
reasons for high f rate
poverty and illetracy
religious ideology - r doesnt allow abortion
preference of a male child - son meta-preference ie desirable no. of male children
lack of awareness wrt reproductive health
lack of availability and affordability of contraceptive methods
universalisation of institution of marriage
high infant and child mortality rate
joint family norms
heterosexual norms of marriages
implications
child
disabilities, malnutrition, resource deficit(edu, skill, nutrition), attention deficit, juvenile delinquencies, crime against child, high infant and child mortality rate, child labour, worst sufferer is girl child
women
health issues, female sterilisation over male sterilisation esp in backward areas, women's role percieved only as reproductive machine
family
standard of living, social cohesion, out of pocket expenditure etc
nation - divident turning to disaster etc
govt efforts
conditional govt schemes - maternity benefit act
advertisement - 'hum do hamare do'
mission parivar vikas for 7 states
vasectomy(male sterlisation ) fortnight - campaign
birth control pills made available at jan aushidi kkendras at subsidised price - chaya and antara
sterlisation compensation scheme
lacunae in govt efforts
missing bottom up approach - centralised planning, top down approach
lack of awareness of govt programs
lack of community participation
lack of political will
admin laxity
failure of one-size-fit-all approach
poor identification of beneficiaries
tubectomy has to controlled - detrimental to women's health, not cost effective, vasectomy to be promoted as burden of family planning is on male due to patriarchal s
entire burden of family planning forced on women by doing tubectomy
lack of democratic decentralised approach
lack of comprehensive edu - sex edu, adolscent edu etc
lack of attitudinal chage which cnsiders sex as taboo
lack of alternatives wrt family planning methods - overemphasis of sterlisation
lack of dedicated funds - and misappropriating funds and corruption
mortality
infant m r
no. of infants dying per 1000 live births
2011 census - 43 and currently reduced to 33
target - reduce to single digit by 2030
causes for high imr
house hold income is a major determinant wrt availability and accessibility of health infrastructure
access to sanitation, nutrition, safe neighbourhood, heigene etc is aslo determined by the economic profile of the family
early marriage, early pregnancy, frequent pregnancies, lack of girl edu, lack of institutional deliveries
caste regidities, superstitious beliefs, absence of scietific temper
lack of facility of immunisation and vaccines
implications
leads to high fertlity rate - so it will include same implications of high fertility rate
there is a stigma attached to the infant deaths which further leads to harassment, domestic violence or women falling prey to superstition
govt efforts
pm surakshit matritva abhiyan - ante natal care
janani suraksha yojana - peri
janani shishu suraksha karyakaram - post
rashtriya bal swastha karyakaram - identifying 4ds - defect, delays, diseases, and disability in an infant/child
india newvorn ation plan
purpose - imr single digit by 2030
strategy - RMNCH+A (reproductive, mother, newborn, child health and adolscents)
migration m
concept
special mobility b/w one geographical unit and another generally involving change in residence for a considerable period of time
types - on basis of
duration
semi permanent - moving without intention of coming back but forced back due to constraint economic factors
seasonal/temporary/circular - movement to destintion during lean season(no work at source) and coming back voluntary after certain period
permanent - move from source to destination without intention of coming back and change in residence for a long period of time
destination
internal
rural to rural - most common
rural to urban - emerging due to industrialisation and urbanisation
urban to urban - job, marriage
urban to rural - current trend due to saturation(life quality declined) of urbanisation
international
implication on
source region
economic
if destination is absorbing surplus labour, then it is win win situation
gives an opportunity to state to employ greater resources in improving eco condition of reduced popn
benefits of remittances
loss of human resource
demographic
decline in birth rate
increase in dependent poln
feminisation of work force
inceased incidences of child labour
socio-cultural
absence of adult male for a long period of time may cause dislocation in the family
dual burden problem
dissemination of new ideas -migration acts as an agent of social change
destination area
economic
increases demand for goods and services - positively contributes to economy of destination area
creates pressure on existing resources and in case of mismanaged m it increases the incidences of unrest and crime
demographic
skewed sex ratio - male specific m
socio-cultural
broadening of mental horizans due to intermixing of diverse cultures
insulation on the part of natives against any cultural systhesis with migrants
migrants
+ve
social mobility - better status in s
social tolerance - due to interaction of diff cultures
social capital - better networking
opportunity of innovation - diverse job opportunities
-ves
india constitutes largest chunk of unorganised workforce and they are mostly migrants
they suffer from various disadvantages
devoid of critical skills, information and bargaining power
often caught in expoitative labour arrangement
lack of identity proof further aggravates their pronlem
hardship magnifies once you cross the border of the state - intrastate m is 4 times interstate m
easily become the victim of identity politics - native vs migrants
since they remain invisible due to lack of data, they arent able to reap the benefits of govt schemes
lack of proper implementation of interstate migrant workmen act
causes for internal m
destination
pull factor(+ve)
economic
higher edu
diverse job opportunity (esp due to industrialisation)
commercialisation of agri(esp in green revolution areas)
globalisation leading to proliferation of informal sector - demand for unskilled, semiskilled sector
emergence of new middle class creating jobs -like domestic help, drivers etc
socio-economic
urbanism - individualism, annonymity, heterogenity, better status for women, new value system due to globalisation
political
political freedom
better implementation of govt schemes
safety and security
push back factor(-ve)
economic
under/un employment
poor quality of life- -leading to increasing out of pocket exp
congestion, pollution, overcrowding
slum proliferation
higher cost of living
socio-econimic
replication of inequalities wrt caste, r etc- eg: ghettoisaton
lack of cultural integration
intolerence on the part of natives
political
son of soil theory (political connect to regionalism)
source
pull back(+ve)
economic
counter-magnets - deliberate govt effort to develop smaller cities near metropolitan to take the pressure off - ex: developing greater noida, hyderabad to chill bangalore, pune and nasik to chill bombay
govt schemes- etc MNREGA, IITs
socio-economic
family reunification
feeling of nativism - love for land
political
change in political leadership - ''hamari sarkar aai h"
push factor(-ve)
economic
agri distress - rtr,rtu
lack of alternative employment opportunity - rtr, rtu, utu
poor remuneration character of agri - rtr,rtu
lack of basic infra - edu, health, skill dev - utu
socio-cultural
discrimination on the basis of primordial identiies(l, caste, r etc)
patriarchy
attrocities committed on the marginalised sections - eg -mob lynching
disintegration of joint family
political
violence eg: mob lynching
mob lynching
reasons
3 more items...
corruption
lack of good governance
state led persecution
lack of oprtunity for political participation
marriage - push,pull, etc
way forward
balandev of source area - agri dev, infra, etc
judicial implementation of existing provisions
urban planning accomodative of migrants
migrants -should be seen as contributors rather than intruders
collection of credible data
dev counter-magnets
portability of benefits
participation of community, ie NGO and civil society to reduce the mistrust b/t natives and migrants - to bring attitudinal change
vulnerable sections
child
old age
disabled
transgenders
p policy in i
two child policy
rationale
13 states and UTs (comprising 45% popn) have TFR > 2.1, in descending order
UP
MP
bihar
dadra and nagar haveli
mizoram
chattisgarh
meghalaya
rajasthan
nagaland
jharkhand
assam
haryana
gujarat
help to control fertility rapidly
limitations
way forward
national p register(NPR)
overview
meaning
it is list of "usual residents of country"
MoHA - ie, one who has been living in a local area for atleast last 6 months or intends to stay in a particular location for next 6 months
doc governed/exist by
citizenship act, 1955
citizenship rules, 2003
data collected
demographic- date of birth, edu, occupation etc
biometric
data collection exercise
data already collected in 2010(along 2011 census data collection) and 2015 by registrar general of i
and will be updated along census 2021 exercise
will be done at local, sub-district, district, state and national level
its a compulsory exercise
assam wont be included - as data will be taken from NRC
benefits
update and streamline data of residents across various platforms
aid govt in better policy formulation
better than aadhar in targeting beneficiaries as NPR links each individual to a household
aid in targeting beneficiaries
aid national security
will become database for preparing pan i-NRC
issues
data
privacy - NPR withstand proportionality test?
protection - no clarity on protection mechanism
national security - data's size, centralised and sensitive nature raises national security threats
duplicationion of project - whats the need to subject citizens to another identification when they are already covered under aadhar
uncounted people
what about people not visited by census officers
ambiguity over migrant workers who are citizens but wont qualify as "usual residents"