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Flowers and Reproduction (Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination (Ovary…

- - - - Gametes
        
        Sperm producing= Male plants
        
        Egg producing= Female plant
        
        Meiosis
        
        Egg + Sperm=Zygote (fertilization)
      - Sporophyte phase/generation
        
        Gametophytes=haploid and produce gametes
        
        Hornworts
        
        Liverworts
        
        Mosses
        
        Gametes formed by mitosis not meiosis
        
        Oogamy
        
        Microgametophytes=Male
        
        Grow from Microspores
        
        Megagametophytes=female
        
        Grow from Megaspores
        
        Heterospory=atypical
        
        Alternation of generations
        
        2 generations
        
        Sporophyte
        
        Gametophyte
        
        Heteromorphic generations
      - Flower Structure
        
        Pedicel=Stalk of Flower
        
        Receptacle=where floral appendages attach
        
        Types of Floral Appendages
        
        Sepals
        
        Modified leaves to protect maturation of other floral appendages
        
        Lowest floral appendage
        
        Tough, thick, and waxy
        
        All sepals combined=Calyx
        
        Petals
        
        Corolla=All of the petals
        
        Perianth=Corolla +Calyx
        
        Contain pigments other than chlorophyll
        
        Thin and Leaf-like
        
        Attract pollinators
        
        Stamens
        
        Adroecium= all stamens
        
        Produce pollen
        
        2 Parts
        
        Filament
        
        Stalk
        
        Anther
        
        Produces pollen
        
        Tapetum
        
        Microsporophyes
        
        Carpels
        
        Highest floral appendage
        
        Composed of 3 parts
        
        1.Stigma=catches pollen
        
        2.Style=Elevates stigma to boost efficacy
        
        3.Ovary=Production of Megaspores (fruit)
        
        Placentae-->Ovules
        
        1 more item...
        
        Development into seed after egg fertilization
        
        Gynocieum
    - - Microgametophyte
        
        Vegetative cell
        
        Generative cell
        
        2 sperm cells
        
        Pollen tube #
        
        Protected and nourished by style tissue
        
        Pollen
      - Megagametophyte
        
        Embryo Sac
        
        7 cells
        
        1 Central Cell (with 2 polar nuclei)
        
        3 antipodal cells
        
        Egg apparatus (2 synergids and an egg)
  - - - Spreading/Vining plants
      - Self-sufficiency by Adventitious roots
      - Image of Fragmentation
  - - - Shed protoplasm
      - Sperm cells
      - Contribution of nuclear genes from sperm (conifers exempt contribute plastids as well)
      - Angiosperms undergo karyogamy c 2 sperm cells-->large triploid endosperm nucleus (double fertilization)
    - - Fusion of the plasma and associated organelles
      - Mitochondrial and Organelle DNA comes from Ovules
    - - Nourish development of Zygote
      - Milk stage: i.e coconut
  - - - Embryo proper
      - Suspensor (pushes zygote into endosperm further)
    - - Cotyledons
        
        Dicot
        
        Monocot
    - - Radicle
      - Epicotyl
      - Hypocotyl
    - - Albuminous seed
      - Exalbuminous
  - - - Exocarp(skin/peel)
        
        Pericarp
      - Mesocarp (flesh)
      - Endocarp (pit)
- - - - Incompatibility genes
      - Inbreeding
  - - - Stamens
      - Carpels
      - Perfect flower
      - Non-essential organs
        
        Sepals and Petals
        
        Do not produce spores
    - - Have species that only produce Staminate or only Carpellate flowers
      - Examples
        
        Marijuana
        
        Dates
        
        Willows
        
        papaya
      - Life cycle consists of 4 types of plants
        
        Microgamatephytes
        
        Megagametophytes
        
        Staminate sporophytes
        
        Carpellate sporophytes
    - - Staminate flowers on the same plant as carpellate flowers
      - Examples
        
        Cattails
        
        Corn
- - - - Determinate infloroscenes
        
        Limited potential for growth
      - Indeterminate Infloroscenes
        
        Lowest or outermost flower always opens first
        
        Continuous cycles of initiation, maturation, and opening all at once at different portions of the flower
- - - - Contain only ovarian tissue
    - - Partially nonovarian tissue
      - Apples
    - - Developed from a single ovary or fused ovaries of one flower
    - - All of the individual fruits of an infloescene fuse into one fruit=multiple fruit
      - Figs
      - Raspberries
  - - - Dehiscent fruits
      - Indehiscent fruits