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Photosynthesis (Converts light energy to chemical energy (Methods of…

- - - - Energy source: sunlight
      - Site: chloroplast
    - - Energy source: reactions not involving O2
      - Site: Cytosol
    - - Energy source: oxidations with O2
      - Site: Mitochondria
  - - - Electrons are added to an atom
    - - Atom doesn’t carry as many electrons as it could
  - - - Small protein, contains Heme which holds an iron atom that carries electrons
    - - Small protein, carries electrons on a metal atom
    - - Transport electrons over short distances in a membrane
- - - - Light is one small part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum
        
        Radiation
        
        Quanta: plural
        Quantum: singular
        Photons: set of waves
        
        Various types of radiation differ in their wavelengths
        
        Ultraviolet
        
        Infrared
        
        X-rays
        
        Radio waves
        
        Gamma rays
        
        Color spectrum
    - - Any material that absorbs certain wavelengths specifically and therefore has distinctive color
      - Substance that absorbs light
        
        Photosynthetic pigments transfer absorbed light energy to electrons that then enter chemical reactions
        
        Because only absorbed energy can be used, ideally photosynthetic pigment would be black
        
        However, the photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll a
        
        It absorbs only some red and some blue light letting almost everything else pass through
        
        Accessory pigments
        
        Molecules that strongly absorb wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll a
        
        The absorbed energy is then passed to chlorophyll a
        
        This transfer is called resonance
- - - - Treaty designed to reduce production of teen house gasses
      - Signed by 166 countries (not including the U.S. which is as of now the largest CO2 producer in the world)
  - - - The increasing levels of CO2 is slowing warming our atmosphere
    - - This increases rainfall which could cause better farming in the central plains, but also catastrophic flooding in most river valleys where cities are located
        
        Example: El Niño
    - - This water is added to oceans increasing their volume and causing sea level to rise
        
        Keep in mind: sea levels are already rising because as ocean water warms, it expands
        
        This will cause coastal cities and wetlands to flood - these are Home to many species
        
        This mixing of freshwater and seawater dilutes the nutrients in seawater, also slowing the growth of algae
        
        Algae is the basis of the ENTIRE food web in the oceans- slowing the growth of algae could be catastrophic for all ocean life
  - - - These changes in climate could dramatically harm crops which in turn could lead to mass starvation until climate becomes stable enough to find areas that can be farmed successfully
- - - - Because they absorb red light (700nm) most efficiently
      - The energy excites an electron of P700 which is then absorbed by a membrane-bound electron acceptor known as Fx
        
        Fx contains iron and sulfur and is sometimes designated Fe4S4