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Basic Type of Musculo-skeletal disorders (Auto-immune disorders (types…

- - - - is one of the hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies, a group of varied inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system characterized by progressive loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation across various parts of the body.
        
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    - - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).
        In MS, the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body. Eventually, the disease can cause permanent damage or deterioration of the nerves.
    - - Myasthenia gravis (my-us-THEE-nee-uh GRAY-vis) is characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of any of the muscles under your voluntary control. It's caused by a breakdown in the normal communication between nerves and muscles.
        There's no cure for myasthenia gravis, but treatment can help relieve signs and symptoms, such as weakness of arm or leg muscles, double vision, drooping eyelids, and difficulties with speech, chewing, swallowing and breathing.
    - - is a disease of the muscle[1] in which the muscle fibers do not function properly. This results in muscular weakness. Myopathy means muscle disease (Greek : myo- muscle + patheia -pathy : suffering). This meaning implies that the primary defect is within the muscle, as opposed to the nerves ("neuropathies" or "neurogenic" disorders) or elsewhere (e.g., the brain). Muscle cramps, stiffness, and spasm can also be associated with myopathy.
- - - - s an abnormality of the human body's normal balance of acids and bases that causes the plasma pH to deviate out of the normal range (7.35 to 7.45)
      - In the fetus, the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessel is sampled (umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45; umbilical artery pH is normally 7.18 to 7.38)
      - It can exist in varying levels of severity, some life-threatening.
    - - Increased levels of lactate in the blood, without evidence of lactic acidosis or shock.
      - increased levels of lactic acid in the blood.
    - - When you eat a healthy meal, you expect your body to reap the benefits of the vitamins and minerals.
      - But a condition called malabsorption syndrome means your body isn’t able to take in many of the nutrients from the food you eat.
      - This digestive problem can lead to symptoms such as bloating and diarrhea.
- - - - Vitamin A is particularly important for healthy skin and eyes
      - Vitamin A deficiency is the world’s leading cause of preventable blindness in children, and increases the risk of disease and death
      - It’s a serious problem in more than half of all countries, though it mainly affects poorer regions
    - - Up to a quarter of the population have low levels of vitamin D in their blood according to UK government figures[
      - We can synthesise vitamin D from direct sunlight
      - so vitamin deficiency symptoms can be a particular issue during the autumn and winter months with fewer sunlight hours
      - Vitamin D has several important functions. For example, it helps to regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body
      - A lack of vitamin D can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, which is characterised by weakness, aches and pains because the bones don’t have enough calcium
    - - You are unlikely to have a deficiency of vitamin E, as any excess is stored in your body naturally
      - However, meeting the daily recommendations is important because it is an antioxidant. An antioxidant prevents oxidation and the subsequent damage it can cause, including protecting against free radicals
      - itamin E is involved in maintaining healthy skin and regulating and strengthening the immune response
    - - has several important functions, such as blood clotting, which means it helps wounds to heal properly
      - It also works with vitamin D to regulate calcium in the body and so plays a role in bone health
      - The body only needs a little vitamin K, so deficiencies are rare, but a healthy balanced diet is necessary to ensure you have enough
- - - - he pancreas produces the hormone insulin, which helps regulate blood sugar levels. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
        High blood sugar results can lead to damage in the blood vessels, as well as organs like the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves.
    - - n rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the immune system attacks the joints. This attack causes redness, warmth, soreness, and stiffness in the joints.
        Unlike osteoarthritis, which commonly affects people as they get older, RA can start as early as your 30s or sooner.
    - - Skin cells normally grow and then shed when they’re no longer needed. Psoriasis causes skin cells to multiply too quickly. The extra cells build up and form inflamed red patches, commonly with silver-white scales of plaque on the skin.
        Up to 30 percent of people with psoriasis also develop swelling, stiffness, and pain in their joints. This form of the disease is called psoriatic arthritis.
    - - is a term used to describe conditions that cause inflammation in the lining of the intestinal wall. Each type of IBD affects a different part of the GI tract.
        
        Crohn’s disease can inflame any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus.
        
        Ulcerative colitisaffects only the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum.