Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Infant diagnosed with Sickle Cell Disease (Sickle Cell Disease (an…
Infant diagnosed with Sickle Cell Disease
The mother tells you that her family has a history of Sickle Cell Disease
The parents have brought in their infant who has been previously diagnosed with circulatory
problems and anemia (low red blood cell count).
Sickle Cell Disease
an inheritable condition caused
by a single nucleotide “error” in the DNA.
single error affects hemoglobin, the type of protein that carries oxygen in red blood
cells.
Pain Areas:
In the joints
Pain types:
can be sudden in the chest
Whole body:
dizziness, fatigue, low oxygen in the body, or malaise
Urinary:
Inability to make concentrated or dilute urine or blood in urine
an inheritable condition caused
by a single nucleotide “error” in the DNA
Symptoms:
Anemia
Red blood cells usually live for about 120 days before they need to be replaced. But sickle cells usually die in 10 to 20 days, leaving a shortage of red blood cells (anemia).
Without enough red blood cells, your body can't get the oxygen it needs to feel energized, causing fatigue.
Episodes of pain:
Crises is a major symptom of sickle cell anemia.
Causes periodic episodes of pain
If a crisis is severe enough, you might need to be hospitalized.
Pain develops when sickle-shaped red blood cells block blood flow through tiny blood vessels to your chest, abdomen and joints
Pain can also occur in your bones.
Painful swelling of hands and feet.
The swelling is caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells blocking blood flow to the hands and feet.
Frequent infections.
Sickle cells can damage an organ that fights infection which is the Spleen,
More vulnerable to infections.
Give infants and children with sickle cell anemia vaccinations and antibiotics to prevent potentially life-threatening infections, such as pneumonia.
Delayed growth
Red blood cells provide your body with the oxygen and nutrients you need for growth.
A shortage of healthy red blood cells can slow growth in infants and children and delay puberty in teenagers.
Vision problems
Tiny blood vessels that supply your eyes may become plugged with sickle cells.
This can damage the retina — the portion of the eye that processes visual images, leading to vision problems.
Cell Structures:
Nucleus:
Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.
Cytoplasm
A jelly-like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts and structures called organelles.
It is where many of the chemical reactions happen.
Cell Membrane
Its structure is permeable to some substances but not to others. It therefore controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Mitochondria
Organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is released in respiration.
Ribosomes
Tiny structures where protein synthesis occurs.
4 macromolecules:
1.)Nucleic acids:
Stores and transfers info.
2.) Carbohydrates
Store energy, provide fuel, and build structure in body, main source of energy, and structure of the cell wall.
3.) Lipid
Insulator and stores fat and energy.
4.) Protein
Provide structural support, transport, enzymes, movement, defense.
Levels of structure of DNA
Adenine
Pairs up with Thymine
Cytosine
Pairs up with Guanine
Guanine
Pairs up with Cytosine
Thymine
Pairs up with Adenine
Characteristics of Amino Acids
Amino acids are basic units of protein.
All amino acids have at least one acidic carboxylic acid (-COOH) group and one basic amino (-NH2) group.
Amino acids are colorless, crystalline solid
They are soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvent
Only L- form of amino acids are found in Proteins in human body.
More than 300 amino acids are found in nature but only 20 amino acids are standard and present in protein because they are coded by gene.
Other non-standard amino acids are modified aminoacids and called non-protein amino acids.
Kinds of bonds that cause and maintain a protein’s shape,
Peptide Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
It is one of the main bonds along with Covalent bond and Metallic bonding.
Water is an excellent example of hydrogen bonding.
The hydrogen then has the partial positive charge.
A type of Covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
usually occurs between amino acids.
The structure of proteins from primary to quaternary levels
Primary
Secondary
Teritary
Quatermary
Protein subunits interact with each other and arrange themselves to form a larger aggregate protein complex
defined by its atomic cordinates
The pattern of hydrogen bonds between the amino hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen atoms in the peptide backbone
The linear sequence of amino acids