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EPSS Test Question 1 Part 1 (But quantitative indicators alone are not…
EPSS Test Question 1 Part 1
Access to education problematic for
Poor children
First-generation learners
Children from marginalised social groups
Children with disability
Children in fragile states
Types of Countries W.R.T GER and Retention Rate
Type 1
Almost all children enter grade 1
GERs remain 100% through into secondary school
Type 2
Many more children than children of nominal age group enter primary school
GER over 100%
Attrition is high: only about 50% complete secondary and 25% complete higher secondary e.g. India
Demand for secondary and higher education outstrips supply.
Type 3
Number of children entering primary less than the number of six-year-olds
GER below 100%
Key Indicators
Gross Enrolment Ratio
Net Enrolment Ratio
Survival up to class 5
Completion up to primary
But quantitative indicators alone are not enough to determine access to education. Qualitative factors also play a major role in defining access. Educational quality, processes, and outcomes have to be judged as well. Some factors determining a vision for expanded access are as follows:
Access to preschool
Local access to safe schools/geographical distance
Staffing and infrastructure
Progression through primary school within a year of the appropriate grade level
Attendance
Access to post-primary education
Learning outcomes
Equitable access to publicly funded education
Zones of Exclusion
Zone 0: Preschool Participation
Little or no participation of disadvantaged populations in preschool
Even if participation occurs, it is in schools of poor quality.
Zone 1: Those without access to schooling
Schooling should be expanded to include such people.
Groups that generally lack access
Nomadic groups
Children in low-population-density areas
Extremely poor people
Children with disability
Zone 2: Exclusion after initial entry into school system
High in early grades but increases before secondary
Zone 3: At school but at risk of dropout
e.g. children facing discrimination for sociocultural reasons
Zone 4: Failure to be included into secondary school
Zone 5: Enter secondary and drop out
Zone 6: At risk of dropping out from secondary schools