Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis (Environmental and Internal Factors (C4…

- - - - NADH
        
        NADH, is a strong agent produced by the reduced NAD+.
      - NAPH
        
        Strong agent produced by reduced from
    - - Contain hydrogen
      - The hydrogen in reduced compounds reduces the number of electrons per atom.
  - - - Like Cytochromes, transports over short distances
      - 2 electrons picked up? They grab 2 protons as well.
      - Hydrophobic
        
        Long hydrocarbon tail causes this trait.
    - - Loosely associated with chloroplast membranes.
      - Carries electrons on a metal atom.
    - - Contain cofactor heme.
      - Intrinsic membrane proteins
      - Carry electrons only between sites close together
        
        Does not diffuse through stroma as NADPH does.
  - - - Photophosphorylation
        
        Animals, fungi, nonchlorophyllous plants cannot do this.
      - Substrate-level phosphorylation
        
        Compounds with high-energy phosphate groups are produced, and force their phosphate onto ADP, making ATP.
      - oxidative phosphroylation
        
        In last stages of respiration, ADP turns to ATP through this process.
- - - - Special pair of chlorphylls named P700
      - Ferredoxin
        
        Small protein located in thylakoid membrane
      - Eventually, electrons are passed to an enzyme: ferredoxin NAPF+ reductase
        
        Reduces NADP
        
        Carries 2 electrons
    - - Plastocyantin
        
        Donates an electron to the chlorophyll a of photosystem I reaction center.
      - Reaction center contains P680.
      - Operates in cooperation with Photosystem I, seemingly in a circle of giving and borrowing electrons.
    - - Fluorescence
        
        Release of light by a pigment.
        
        Dependent on chemical reactions
        
        Electrons move up and down energy levels
        
        Ground state
        
        Base state of an electron.
        
        Excited state
        
        This is when an electron is "activated".
      - Pigments do not only absorb light in plants.
        
        Benefits
        
        Attracts mates.
        
        Attracts pollinators
        
        Attracts frugivores
        
        May assist in hiding from predators.
    - - Chemisomotic phosphorylation
      - ATP Synthetase
        
        Complex of sets of enzymes that synthesize ATP from ADP.
    - - Small segment of electromagnetic spectrum
      - Radiation types
        
        Gamma rays
        
        X-rays
        
        Ultraviolet
        
        Infrared
        
        Microwave
        
        Radio
      - Wavelengths
        
        Long
        
        Microwaves
        
        Radar
        
        Infrared
        
        Radio
        
        Short
        
        Gamma
        
        Ultraviolet light
        
        Cosmic
  - - - Similar to C3 metabolism
      - Dihydroxyacetone phosphate converted into fructose 1,6-biphosphate, which turns into fructose-6-phosphate, and finally glucose-6-phosphate.
      - Glucose-6-phosphate is polymerized into amylose, amylopectin, or cellulose to be used in various operations.
  - - - Consists of multiple key steps
        
        Acceptor molecule reacts with CO2
        
        Orbitals rearrange and form 3-phosphoglycerate
        
        RubP carboxylase is used to help form a functional active site for molecules.
        
        1,3 diphosphoglycerate is reduced by NADPH to 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde.
- - - - Though they may not grow quickly, they will certainly survive.
    - - Is present in cacti, orchids, bromeliads, lilies, euphorbias.
  - - - Palisade parenchyma on top, mesophyll on bottom.
      - Dry plants cannot have system like above.
        
        Their leaf cells are packed together with little or no intracellular spaces.
  - - - Quantity
        
        Light quality or brightness
        
        Plants growing in mountains or shadow receive less light.
        
        Plants on the equator receive the greatest amount of light.
        
        Plants near the poles receive little light.
        
        All the plant environment types listed above have had to adapt to this environment, resulting in each being quite efficient at receiving just the right amount of light necessary to carry out life processes.
      - Duration
        
        Number of hours per day that sunlight is available.
        
        Near the poles, days are quite long in summer and only night occurs in midwinter.
        
        Middle latitudes, winter days are very short, and sunlight is weakened.
        
        In summers in mid lattitudes, photosynthesis processes easily reach required levels per plant.
      - Quality
        
        Quality refers to colors or wavelengths.
        
        The sun is typically the best source of light, and this differs at certain times as well, such as sunset or sunrise.
        
        Different types of plants prefer different types of light cast by the sun.
        
        Some plants such as algae need special adaptations to acquire enough light in deep water.