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Green Team Gender & Media: Are men and women represented differently…
Green Team
Gender & Media: Are men and women represented differently in current media?
Signorielli, N. (1990). Children, television, and gender roles; Messages and impact.
Journal of Adolescence Health Care, 11
(1), 50-58.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0070(90)90129-P
From watching television, children not only learn about careers, but they also learn what sex should work in certain careers due to stereotypes. (MB)
In cartoons, men characters outnumber women characters by four or five to one and women are mostly portrayed as a female stereotype. (MB)
Women in television tend to be portrayed as a nurturing figure and as an attractive romantic interest for the male character. (MB)
Though women are the face of TV advertisements, typically the narrator is always a man. (KB)
Counter-stereotyping; when a character goes against stereotypical images. This can influence children’s perception of sex roles in occupational settings. (KB)
Maher, J.K., Childs, N.M. (2003). A Longitudinal content analysis of gender roles in children's television advertisements: A 27 year review.
Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 25
(1), 71-80.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2003.10505142
Children's futures are affected by the visuals that they see as children as well as how their environment around them views gender roles and stereotypes.(MB)
Gender neutral presentations are becoming more prevalent in children's advertisements (MB)
Since 1970, women in the workforce has almost doubled, and men are more involved with domestic responsibilities. (MB)
Despite progression of women's roles in society, advertisements continue to portray women as inaccurate stereotypes.(MB)
Gender roles have evolved in the real world, but this is not being represented in advertising. (EG)
Advertising presents men as stronger and more dominant than women. (EG)
Due to gender inequality in media children are likely to be influenced by a stereotypical set of expectations based on the roles they see in media. (EG)
In order to demonstrate the change that has occurred in the roles of men and women, advertising needs to increase the appearance of female actresses and female voices. (EG)
Aubrey, J.S., Harrison, K. (2004). The Gender-role content of children's favorite television programs and it's links to their gender related perceptions.
Media Psychology. 6
(2), 111-146.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_1
Women characters are often depicted as nerdy, spiteful, dumb, catty, or sweet. They are often made to be helpful to the male protagonist character story development. (MB)
Male characters are shown in television as assertive and independent while female characters are often emotional, affectionate and dependent on the male character. (MB)
The development of gender identity in children is built within their socialization, psychological development, and cognitive development. (MB)
Children often choose favorite characters based on the same sex and the admirable attributes that character posses. (MB)
the study found that proportional amounts of negative feminine stereotypes were adhered to by women and men as opposed to a greater proportion of female adherence to them, sometimes men even adhered more to the feminine stereotypes. (TB)
Gooden, A. & Gooden, M. (2001). Gender representation in notable children's picture books: 1995–1999.
Sex Roles
, 45, 89-101. doi:10.1023/A:1013064418674.
Children’s books have been around since the 1500s, made to teach values and traditions that have carried on to future generations where some values no longer apply. (KB)
This form of literature could have lasting effects on children’s self-esteem and identity in a negative way based on stereotypes of genders. (KB)
Language in books can be used to encourage and even eliminate stereotypes to better fit newer generations. (KB)
Children’s choices of what they want to be are limited when they are introduced to negative stereotypes. (KB)
Books serve as a primary median into how young children view societal values so stereotypes as they used to prevail in children’s books need to be oust. (JE)
Gender development in young children can add or hinder their development in their sex identity with preconceived notions while reading picture books. (JE)
Stereotypes for gender roles affect how children view themselves. The potential to help add positive influence or create dismay influences children’s self-esteem. (JE)
Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676–713.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.676
Children’s ideas/opinions mostly stem from their environments. (KB)
Children connect with their mothers in the infant stage and then adjust their preferences as they grow up (penis envy). (KB)
Children are expected to fit the roles of their genders
girls: dolls
Boys: trucks
(KB)
Parent, M. C., Gobble, T. D., & Rochlen, A. (2019). Social media behavior, toxic masculinity, and depression. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 20(3), 277–287.
https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000156
Having a lack of face-to-face contact makes it easier to spark a dispute over gender topics (feminism, etc.). (KB)
A person who is: antifeminism, homophobia, combined with a need to dominate or win, may engage with material That they disagree with, leading to negative social interactions/images .
(KB)
Toxic masculinity: enforcing rigid gender roles on social media and having a competitive nature. (KB)
Goodall, H. (2012). Media’s Influence on Gender Stereotypes. Media Asia, 39(3), 160.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2012.11689932
When people watch television without knowing the intention or meaning behind something it has the potential to sway the views of that person.(MB)
Women who view media are exposed to sexualization and objectification which can lead to lower self esteem and body confidence (MB)
Men in media are depicted as confident, assertive, and powerful. Anything different is not considered manly which can affect boy's view on how they should act (MB)
Eisend, M. (2010). A meta-analysis of gender roles in advertising. Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science, 38, 418-440. doi: 10.1007/s11747-009-0181-x
this article discusses a large sample of studies over a large span of time that all are in reference to the topics of gender roles and advertisement, in doing so similarities such as almost universal coding schemes are discussed. (TB)
the use of such large sample allowed for the gleaning that under this meta analysis the current data showed more of a mirroring trend. (TB)
the article looks into the debate of mirror verses mold in which the thoughts of whether commercials mirror societal ideals or mold societal ideals are discussed. (TB)
Ivory, J. D., (2006). Still a man’s game: Gender representation in online reviews of video games. Mass Communication and Society, 9(1), 103-114. Retrieved from:
https://blackboard.cwi.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-1913966-dt-content-rid-36692704_1/courses/2019FA-PSYC-250-001H/Ivory_2006%282%29.pdf
the method proposed within this article for content analysis of videogames was proposed instead of attempting to play the video games as a content analysis of the reviews of videogames, therein eliminating the issues of direct analysis of the videogame via coders. (TB)
the article did find that while female characters were overall mentioned less (potentially due to less leading roles) they were overall mentioned more in the context of sexual appeal. (TB)
this article brought into review the issues of performing a content analysis on videogames, listing the potential issues of coder inexperience with the format and the resulting differing experience within the games as an issue. (TB)
A potential issue of the method used for content analysis was that when faced with anthropomorphic characters the coders were forced to ascertain gender via context of the article. (TB)
Female roles in games are more likely than not to be passive roles or highly sexualized whereas male roles are more dominated. (JE)
Overall female game characters are marginalized compared to males and are predominately hypersexualized in the roles they play. (JE)
Reviews contextualized how male roles are acknowledged at a higher frequency than females even in games that have female roles. (JE)
Bartsch, R. A., Burnett, T., Diller, T. R., & Williams, E. R. (2000). Gender representation in television commercials: Updating an update. Sex Roles, 43, 735-743. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007112826569
Studies show that women are unequally represented in commercials about non domestic products and men are unequally represented in commercials about domestic products. (EG)
Although there were changes in the jobs that women held from the 1970's to the 1990's the media did not represent that change. (EG)
How genders are represented by the media can affect how people act. (EG)
Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4), 354–364. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.88.4.354
Girls and boys are expected to have different attributes and skills. These differences are defined by different cultures.(EG)
Sex-typed individuals are readily available to process information at a greater rate in reference to gender schema.(JE)
One of the ways girls and boys learn what is expected from them based on their sex is through observation.(EG)
Speculated that gender processing comes from societies importance of the genders and what is important for them. (JE)
ong, K., Mullin, J. B., & Mar, R. A. (2015). How exposure to literary genres relates to attitudes toward gender roles and sexual behavior. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9(3), 274–285.
https://doi-org.cwi.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/a0038864
exposure to romantic fiction had a positive correlation with egalitarian gender role attitudes and negative correlation with gender stereo-typing and had no statistically significant effect on sexual conservationism (TB)
The article provides an interesting look at a portion of the full view of media overlooked currently (TB)
they bring up how engaging in fiction has the potential to enhance world view through exposure to different ideals (TB)
Rubie-Davies, C. M., Liu, S., & Lee, K.-C. K. (2013). Watching each other: Portrayals of gender and ethnicity in television advertisements. Journal of Social Psychology, 153(2), 175–195. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com.cwi.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=85285381&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Advertisers play different adds during different times of day based on stereotypical male, female roles. Adds that are intended for women are played more during the day. Adds that are intended for men are played more in the evening and on weekends.(EG)
Men and women are not shown as equal in advertisements where a male and female appear together. This appears in age difference and females playing supporting roles.(EG)
Men are more often portrayed performing activities while women are more often shown with different products.(EG)
Advertisements tend to use stereotypical male/female roles.(EG)