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Case study: The parents of an infant who has circulatory problems and…

- - - - Research has shown that there are drugs that can suppress sickle cell symptoms such as
        
        Hydroxyurea
        
        However, the most effective method found
        
        Bone marrow transplant
        
        Due to the reason that blood cells are formed within the bones
  - - - All containing carbon
        
        1) Carbohydrates "hydrated carbon"
        
        A group of molecs that include sugars & starches
        
        Contain C, H, & O
        
        Classified as
        
        Disaccharides
        
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        Polysaccharides
        
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        Monosaccharides
        
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        Major body function
        
        Provide cellular fuel
        
        2) Lipids (fats)
        
        Insoluble in water but dissolve in other lipids & organic solvents
        
        Contain: C, H, & O yet less O2 is available
        
        Examples
        
        Triglycerides
        
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        Phospholipids
        
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        Steroids
        
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        Overall Lipid body function
        
        Insulate tissues & regulate temperature
        
        Cellular membrane maintenance
        
        Synthesizes hormones, bile salts, & vit D
      - 3) Proteins
        
        Composes 10-30% of CELL mass
        
        The basic structure of the body
        
        They are long chains of aminos
        
        Joined by dehydration synthesis
        
        Examples
        
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        The resulting bond produces
        
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        Overall body function
        
        Plays a roll in CELL function
        
        Body structure
        
        Examples of proteins
        
        Fibrous proteins
        
        Structural proteins
        
        Ex: Collagen
        
        Function: Provide mechanical support to tissues
        
        Globular proteins
        
        Functional proteins
        
        Play a role in biological processes
        
        Example
        
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        Transport proteins
        
        Function
        
        Moving substances
        
        Ex: Hemoglobin
        
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        Contractile proteins
        
        Function
        
        Movement
        
        Ex: Actin & myosin cause muscle cell contraction
        
        Communication proteins
        
        Function
        
        Transmit signals between cells
        
        Ex: Insulin acts as a receptor to regulate blood sugar levels
        
        Defensive proteins
        
        Function
        
        Protect against disease
        
        Ex: Antibodies are proteins that bind & inactivate foreign viruses ect.
      - 4) Nucleic acids
        
        Includes 2 classes of molecules
        
        DNA
        
        Deoxyribonucleic acid*
        
        Found: Nucleus of cell
        
        2 Functions
        
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        Structure
        
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        Complementary bases
        
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        Sugar
        
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        RNA
        
        Ribonucleic acid
        
        Found: Outside of nucleus in Cytoplasm
        
        Function
        
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        Structure
        
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        Complementary bases
        
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        Sugar
        
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        3 Varieties
        
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        Monomers of nucleic acids
        
        Nucleotides
        
        Consisting of
        
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    - - Properties of cell = Properties of life
        
        SMALLEST UNIT OF LIFE
        
        Generalized cell
        
        3 main parts
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        Function
        
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        Nucleus
        
        Function
        
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        Plasma membrane
        
        Outer boundary of cell
        
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- - - - Def: Change in the nucleotide sequence of a chain DNA
        
        How? Autosomal recessive gene passed down from parents
        
        Def: Two copies of an abnormal gene passed down (ss)
        
        Example
        
        Two parents are carriers of the disease (HbAS)
        
        50% are carriers (HbAS)
        
        25% are abnormal (HbSS)
        
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        25% of offspring are normal (HbAA)
      - Theory as to why the gene is passed
        
        Began in Sub Saharen Africa
        
        Why? To provide people there a better chance of surviving malaria
- - - - Lack of O2 in blood
        
        Hemoglobin molecules aggregate to one another
        
        Forming a banana shaped red blood cell
        
        Effects of having sickle cell disease
        
        Can cause blood vessel occlusion
        
        Def: Blockage of a blood vessel
        
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        Tissue damage
        
        From lack of O2, tissues are not able to function well
        
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