Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

14 Disability Categories as Identified by umbrella IDEA. IDEA (Low…

- - - - Affects social performance
        
        Inability to form relationships
        
        Inability to communicate ideas / feelings / facts.
        
        May be immature and have difficulty understanding other’s beliefs or emotions; tend to have difficulty with motivation.
      - Affects education performance
        
        Inability to focus on the lesson / teacher.
        
        Tend to have well-developed rote memory skills, but may have difficulty problem solving and making generalizations.
        
        May exhibit language disorders such as echolalia.
        
        Inability to operate in a classroom / school setting
    - - Caused by environmental factors.
      - Caused by genetics / biology.
    - - Accommodations https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hXdAqGxO3Q
        
        Environment Supports (Visual supports and Home base)
        
        Low Tech Solutions: dry erase boards, clipboards, 3-ring binders, manila file folders, photo albums, laminated PCS/photographs, highlight tape.
        
        Regular and consistent use of individualized schedules helps to increase a child’s organizational skills while at the same time fostering independence and discouraging challenging behavior.
        
        Scheduling and routine development and maintenance through visual checklists
        
        Assistive Technology (High-tech Solutions)
        
        Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGVsniIfQKU
        
        Battery operated device such as a tape-recorder, Language Master, overhead projector, timers, calculators, and simple voice output devices that enhance specific skill areas.
        
        Voice Output Communication Aids (VOCAs): “Big Mack,” “Talk Pad,” “Voice in the Box,” “Cheap Talk 4”, “Step by Step Communicator.”
        
        These strategies help to develop skills dealing with language comprehension, expressive communication skills, social and attending socials, organizational skills and academic skills
        
        Video cameras, computers, and adaptive hardware, complex voice output devices. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNr1kS1ksP8
        
        The use of computers by children with autism could increase attention and focus while at the same time, increase fine motor skills and decrease agitation. In some cases, the computer may need to be adapted to the child’s particular needs.
        
        Smartwatches
        
        Priming & Prompting
        
        Discrete Trial Training
    - - Engagement in repetitive activities and stereotyped movements.
        
        Obsession with a stimulus
        
        Self-stimulation
      - Resistance to environmental change or change in daily routines.
        
        Light
        
        Noise
      - Unusual responses to sensory experiences.
        
        Sceaming
        
        Pulling hair / clothes
        
        Running away / covering eyes
  - - - Accommodations
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfZPdNqlqHI
        
        Task Analysis
        
        Peer-Mediated Instruction
        
        Assistive Technology
        
        Audiobooks
        
        AbleNet [Bookworm] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YLAP2wWb40)
        
        Audible
        
        Text-to-speech software
        
        Many computers come with this software built into the hard drive, so all educators need to do is teach students how to use it appropriately.
        
        FM Systems (radio-broadcast technology)
        
        It is an ideal assistive technology for a child who also has hearing issues and may wear hearing aids.
        
        Alternative keyboards
    - - Biological
        
        Prenatal: Fragile X, Down syndrome, Prader-Willi, FAS, PKU, Toxoplasmosis
        
        Perinatal: prematurity, low birth weight, birth injuries
      - Environmental
        
        Postnatal: Encephalitis, lead poisoning, brain injury
    - - Significant sub average general intellectual functioning
        
        Difficulty with memory, making generalizations, metacognition, motivation, language, and academic skills.
        
        Problems with social cues, interactions, self-help, and leisure time.
      - Deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
        
        Delays in both expressive and receptive language skills.
      - Tend to be less physically fit than their peers.
        
        Insufficient diet, exercise, or general health.
      - Problems with major life activities such as language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living
  - - - Characteristics:
        
        The AFB offers some functional explanations of low vision that help understand the daily realities: "Low vision is uncorrectable vision loss that interferes with daily activities. It is better defined in terms of function, rather than [numerical] test results...In other words, low vision is 'not enough vision to do whatever it is you need to do,' which can vary from person to person.
        
        *
        Challenges: In general terms, the curricula in regular schools is designed for fully sighted children and is delivered largely through sighted related tasks.
        Low vision students can find themselves stranded on the educational borders if there aren't appropriate interventions in place.
        This brief video by the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) explains some of the difficulties children with vision impairment can experience:
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wGP_k_UP9c
        
        Solutions
        
        Assistive Technologies As noted at Bright Hub Education, "Assistive technology can be as simple as enlarging a work sheet on a photocopier or as complex as using computers with voice recognition that can print materials in Braille. The first step in helping students should be a technology assessment to determine adaptations needed to access printed materials, produce written communication and needed input devices such as a keyboard or mouse."
        
        Low-tech adaptations may be as simple as using a photocopier to make special copies of reading materials with enlarged print, or providing bold-lined paper and low-vision pens for writing assignments.
        
        Elecronic magnification is possible with a range of devices, such as hand-held scanners or magnifiers, computer screen adjustments, special software programs, or external magnifiers that can be attached to monitors or tablets.
        
        Auditory-based technologies can be anything as simple as teachers making their own voice recordings for student use to sophisticated devices and computer software that can scan printed text and convert it to speech.
        
        Accommodations for students with low vision may include alternative media for study and assignments, changes in the way materials are presented, allowing students extra time to complete assignments (especially those which require visual comprehension such as reading), preferential seating, or changes to the classroom environment.
        
        Teachers may opt to give visually-impaired students more oral tests rather than relying on paper exams only.
        
        Classroom setting altertions may include placing seating facing away from windows, preferential seating, or allowing students with vision problems to move freely about the classroom as needed to get a closer look at materials.
        
        Environmental accommodations can include finding ways to avoid glare from overhead lighting, making sure that floors are free from clutter, and ensuring that all doors are either fully closed or fully open to avoid dangers of low-vision students colliding with an unseen half-open door.
  - - - Hearing Assistive Technologies (HATs): A HAT is a device that aids hearing in places with loud background noise. HATs can help by either boosting audio levels or by using text or other visual methods. They may be used with or without hearing aids or cochlear implants.
        
        Visual and text-based solutions incorporate various means of helping students understand by seeing the words their teachers are speaking.
        
        Speech-to-text software can capture a teacher's speech with a microphone and instantly transcribe it into text, which is then displayed on a computer, tablet, or projector screen
        
        Captioning for audio and video is not only helpful for hard-of-hearing students, schools are required by law to provide them if specified in their IEP.
        
        Cameras can be used in audio-visual FM systems and face-to-face communication systems so that students can see the teachers' faces clearly when they speak, which can aid comprehension.
        
        Audio-based HATs can use FM, Infrared, or induction loops to broadcast audio directly to hearing aids and cochlear implants, or to speakers placed near students with difficulty hearing.
      - Accommodations
        
        Beyond advances in technology, educators can help students with flexible approaches to teaching and adjustments to the classroom environment.
        
        Alternative text refers to the conversion of required course materials into a variety of formats to ensure accessibility to differently-abled students
        
        Multiple note-taking strategies such as designating a class note taker can allow hearing impaired students to concentrate more fully on lectures, materials, and discussions.
        
        Preferential seating and permission to record classes can help hard-of-hearing students get the most out of speech- and audio-heavy classes.
    - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcGz7uwnPrs
  - - - Signs/Symptoms
        
        Behavioral
        
        Impulsive
        
        Aggressive
        
        Cognitive
        
        Perception problems
        
        Difficulty processing information
        
        Communication difficulties
        
        Learning and Memory problems
      - Assistive Technology
        
        Memory books or planners
        
        Audio recordings of lectures
        
        Allows the student to listen to the lecture at their own pace and repeatedly in order to remember/attain the information
        
        Classroom text audiobook
        
        Allows the student to pause and write notes to better attain the information
    - - Allow student to take more time on assignments
      - Allow the student to use assistive technologies, like audio recording the lecture
      - Talk with the student during independent work time, before class, or after class on how they are feeling
      - Make accommodations for the individual student
        
        Each student with a traumatic brain injury experiences different disabilities
  - - - Symptoms
        
        A neuromotor impairment
        
        Neuromotor impairments affect limited limb movement.
        
        a loss of appropriate alignment of the child's spine.
        
        or loss of urinary control.
        
        Cerebral Palsy
        
        It affect voluntary movement and posture that are caused by malfunctions or damages to a person's brain.
        
        People with cerebral palsy experience involuntary, and/or uncoordinated movements
        
        Degenerative diseases
        
        Many physical limitation
        
        muscle weakness
        
        limb deficiencies .
        
        juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
    - - developmental disability involving a person's spinal column
      - caused by damage of the child's spinal cord, brain, or nervous system.
    - - Accomodation
        
        Assistive devices :
        
        Screen reading software
        
        Speech recognition software https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8KgwiGvsOs
        
        Augmentative and alternative communication devices
        
        Educator
        
        Seating arrangements to develop useful posture and movements
        
        Instruction that is focused on development of gross and fine motor skills
        
        Ensuring suitable augmentative communication and other assistive devices
        
        Adequate awareness of the student's medical condition and its affect on the studen
        
        Specialist
        
        Physical Therapists
        
        Speech-Language Pathologists
        
        Adapted Physical Education Teachers
  - - - Behavioral
        
        May display an immature behavior inconsistent with chronological age.
        
        May exhibit an impulsive behavior and low frustration level
        
        May have difficulty forming interpersonal relationships
        
        May have limited self-care skills and independent community living skills
      - Physical/health
        
        A variety of medical problems may accompany severe disabilities. Examples include seizures, sensory loss, hydrocephalus, and scoliosis.
        
        May be physically clumsy and awkward
        
        May be unsuccessful in games involving motor skills
      - Psychological
        
        May Feel ostracized
        
        Tendency to withdraw from society
        
        Students with multiple disabilities may become fearful, angry, and upset in the face of forced or unexpected changes.
        
        May execute self-injurious behavior
    - - A multi-disciplinary team consisting of the student’s parents, educational specialists, and medical specialists in the areas in which the individual demonstrates problems should work together to plan and coordinate necessary services.
        
        Involvement of the appropriate professionals
        
        The arrangement of places school and homes must be easily accessible.
        
        Have a buddy system that ensures their needs are heard and that they get aid when needed.
        
        Give Simple and Specific and Systematic instructions to what you exactly want the person to do.
        
        Use visual aids when communicating with the child.
        
        1 more item...
    - - Mobility aids, such as wheelchairs, scooters, walkers
        
        Prosthetic and orthotic devices https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfRmgYGTx2w
        
        Hearing aids
        
        Tools such as automatic page turners, book holders
        
        Computer software and hardware
  - - - Deafness is defined as,“a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification.”
        
        Types
        
        Conductive
        
        Results from obstructions or diseases in the outer or middle ear
        
        Doesn't result in severe hearing loss
        
        Sensorineural
        
        Results from damage to the delicate sensory hair cells in the inner ear or nerves
        
        Can cause mild to profound hearing loss
        
        Mixed
        
        Combination of conductive and sensorineural loss
        
        Central
        
        Results from damage or impairments to the nerves of the central nervous system
    - - Congenital
        
        Hearing loss was present at birth
        
        Family History
        
        Infections during pregnancy
        
        Complications during pregnancy
      - Acquired
        
        Occurred after birth due to illness or injury
        
        Noise
        
        Build up of fluids
        
        Ear infections
        
        Childhood diseases
        
        Head trauma
      - Characteristic of another disability
    - - Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Program
        
        It is now mandatory in many states for newborns to be screened for hearing loss within hours of birth
      - Early Intervention
      - Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment
      - Special Education Services
      - Assisted Technology
        
        Hearing Assistive Technology (HAT) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18PzfvZrnYE
        
        Hearing aids and cochlear implants
        
        Assistive Listening Systems
        
        "gateway through which people with hearing loss access the sound being transmitted through a public address system or sound system."
        
        Hearing Loops/ Infrared Systems (IR), FM Systems
        
        Assisted Listening Devices (ALDs) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48yrGJZkJCw
        
        Amplifiers that bring sound into the ear
  - - - :star: Solutions :star:
        
        Tips for Teachers
        :tada:
        
        Check knowledge through verbal responses.
        
        Modify assignments only as needed.
        
        Break tasks into small parts.
        
        Make appropriate arrangements to accommodate the student’s schedule with regards to personal needs
        
        Have a clear understanding of the medication needs of the student, type of medication, when it is administered, who administers it, and its effect on the student.
        
        Assistive Technology
        :tada:
        
        Time Management & Distraction Free
        
        A system that helps increase student's productivity and limit their amount of time they spend on websites unnecessarily
        
        Stress Management
        
        Using the app and website’s guided questions to lead you to figuring out what you are feeling and thinking. Relax and get guided through meditations on a variety of topics
        
        Study skills
        
        Study virtually any topic with this on-the-go flashcard study aid
  - - - Assistive Technologies
        
        Speech Reading. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLxjIZEAsv8
        
        Tactile Fingerspelling https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdBl9Uvels8
        
        Screen Braille Device. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yLZRPXJ8lo
        
        Assistive Listening Devices
      - Accommodations
        
        Tactile learning:
        
        Modify the layout of the classroom to accommodate the students.
        
        Every required reading and handout may need to be converted into large print, braille or audiotape.
        
        Time accommodations.
        
        Symbolic communication.
- - - - -Difficulty processing words hence they are slow writters and do misspell a lot.
      - Easily distracted
      - Mispronounce words, avoids reading out loud and have constant difficulties reading new words
      - Poor posture, balance and clumsiness
      - Very disorganized and late submision of assignments
      - referal process to be followed
    - - Good place for this student is in an inclusive classroom
        
        Pair the student with SLD with a strong student.
        
        Make sure this student is sitting/working in a position you can easily monitor.
      - Give brain breaks after a certain time interval
      - Offer notes or worksheets that are well explained and let them figure out key words that are left out.
        
        scaffolding
      - Separately read to them instructions or notes to ensure that they understand.
      - Allow them to photograph the board when notes are displayed.
      - Simultaneously combine verbal and visual information.
    - - Electronic math work sheets
      - Audiobooks and publications
      - screen readers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEbl5jvLKGQ
      - Spell checkers and electronic dictionaries
      - Proof reading software
      - learning through UDL
      - Listening recorders
      - Planners and ATL diaries
  - - - Causes
        
        Drug Abuse
        
        Intellectual Disabilities
        
        Brain Injury
        
        Physical Impairments
        
        At times causes are unknown
        
        Hearing Loss
        
        Neurological Disorders
        
        Of 6.1 million children with disabilities; 1.1 million were categorized with speech or language impairment.
      - Four Major Areas
        
        Voice
        
        Problems with pitch, loudness, resonance or quality of voice
        
        Fluency
        
        Disruption of the rhythm and forward flow of speech (ie. stutter)
        
        Articulation
        
        Difficulty making sounds
        
        Language
        
        Impaired ability understand or use words in context
    - - Assistive Technology
        
        Computer Software
        
        First Words
        
        Language program to help students develop and/or reacquire language
        
        Augmentative OR Alternative Communication (AAC)
        
        symbols, sids, strategies, techniques to enhance communication
        
        non-electronic communication boards
      - School Aged Children
        
        Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
      - Babies and Toddlers
        
        Early Intervention
        
        Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP)
      - Speech/Language Pathology Services
        
        Individualized therapy for each child
        
        Consultation with teachers
        
        Identification
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Referral
        
        Counseling/Guidance
  - - - In 2015, it was estimated that around 23% of children in the U.S. had some form of psychiatric illness or disorder (Parent Center Hub, 2017).
    - - Definition
        
        According to the US Department of Education, emotional disturbance is a condition of prolonged negative effect on academic performance that consists of one or more of the following five characteristics:
        
        A: An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors.- [34 CFR (300.8(c)(4)(A)]*
        
        B: An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. - [34 CFR (300.8(c)(4)(B)]
        
        C: Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances. - [34 CFR (300.8(c)(4)(C)]
        
        D: A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression. - [34 CFR (300.8(c)(4)(D)]
        
        1 more item...
        
        Emotional Behavioral Disability https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60rIWA_ke60 Youtube/Katherine Tatum
      - Causes
        
        While the causes of emotional disturbance have not been well researched, it is generally accepted that the following factors play a role:
        
        Heredity
        
        Inherited genetic disorders.
        
        Family Functioning
        
        Dynamic and interactions amongst family members.
        
        Stress
        
        Especially traumatic stress events such as those stemming from abuse.
        
        Diet
        
        Especially in the context of eating disorders.
      - Symptoms
        
        Disorders
        
        Anxiety
        
        Despression
        
        Bipolar Disorder
        
        Eating Disorder
        
        OCD
        
        Psychotic Disorders
        
        PTSD
        
        General Behavior
        
        Withdrawal
        
        Hyperactivity
        
        Aggression
        
        Immaturity
        
        Symptoms include but are not limited to those listed here.
    - - Assistive Technologies
        
        Because emotional disturbance defines a wide and not entirely understood range of learning disabilities, there are no specific assistive technologies that are recommended solely for this group. Nonetheless, most assistive technologies may benefit students with emotional disturbance, depending on their individualized need. Those technologies might include but are not limited to:
        
        Word Prediction/Processing Software
        
        Noise-Cancelling Headphones
        
        Video/Audio Alternatives
        
        Audiobooks
        
        Recorded lectures
        
        Interactive/visual applications
      - Other Accommodations
        
        Emotional/Behavioral Support
        
        Structured and regular emotional support via conversation with teacher
        
        Self-expression private journals
        
        Positive reinforcement or Positive Behavioral Support (PBS)
        
        Personalized check-in feedback/notes
        
        Psychological counseling services
        
        Designated calm spaces to which students can excuse themselves
        
        Most accommodations for emotional disturbance center around positive behavior reinforcement and maintaining a safe, choice-filled classroom space.
        
        General Teaching Practices
        
        More frequent breaks
        
        Fair treatment of all students
        
        Motivational/positive encouragement
        
        Simple and frequently restated classroom rules and norms
        
        Collaborative, conversation-based work
  - - - Signs of Intellectual Disability
        
        Find it hard to remember things.
        
        Have trouble understanding social rules.
        
        Have trouble seeing consequences of their actions
        
        Have trouble solving problems
        
        Have trouble thinking logically
        
        :star: Solutions :star:
        
        Tips for Teachers
        :tada:
        
        Learn as much as you can about intellectual disability.
        
        Accommodations
        
        Posters and other visual aids
        
        Display key Vocabulary
        
        One Task at a time
        
        Work together with the student’s parents and other school personnel
        
        1- Development Of The IEP:
        IEP Team plans and delivers
        an appropriate education framework
        
        2- IEP Implementation:
        Accommodations are provided for both instructions and testing along with a range of multidisciplinary services required from different providers to support the child’s educational program
        
        1 more item...
        
        Free or Low Cost Assistive Technology - Website
        
        Assistive Technology
        :tada:
        
        The technology works by scanning and then reading the words to the student in a synthesized voice, using a large number of speech sounds that make up words in any given context. With the advances in speech synthesis, TTS technology is more accurate and lifelike than ever.
        
        3 more items...
        
        Graphic organizers work by helping the student map out a course of action. Depending on the type of writing, the graphic organizer can prompt the writer to describe an object, chart out a course of events or perform some other task that can help in planning the piece. Graphic organizers vary by type and technological sophistication.
        
        2 more items...
        
        Proofreading software can be helpful to those with any type of learning disorder that makes writing and reading challenging.
        
        3 more items...