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Energy Metabolism: Respiration (Types of Respiration (Anaerobic…
Energy Metabolism: Respiration
Types of Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Opposite of Gluconeogenesis
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Net of 2 ATP per Glucose
1,3-diphosphoglycerate--> 3-phosphoglycerate
NADH produced
Used to metabolize NO3 and SO3
NAD+ must be regenerated or cell death occurs
Pyruvate as electron acceptor to regenerate NAD+
Lactic Acid formation (toxic)
In Plants/Fungi: Pyruvate->Acetylaldehyde->Lactate
Electron carrier/Reducing agent
ADP recycled from other metabolic functions
Evolutionary cause
Earth's Atmosphere (but old)
Pyruvate and acetylaldehyde used as electron acceptors
#
Rich in Reduced Hydrogen-rich compounds
Oxygen poor
Aerobic respiration evolved after oxygen became abundant
Allows organisms to survive in extreme environments
Lithotrophs
Integrated Metabolism
Autotrophs
Photoautotrophs
Heterotrophs
Conventional heterotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Lithotrophs
Lithotrophic autotrophs
Lithotrophic heterotrophs
Heat-Generating Respiration
Biologically necessary
Lost energy in Respiration--> Heat
Homeostasis
Shivering when cold
Sometimes advantageous
Plants
Vaporization of Amines to attract pollinators (Voodoo Lily)
Melting snow during floral development (Skunk cabbage)
Cyanide, Azide, and Carbon Monoxide resistant
#
How
Alternative electron carriers
No proton gradient=no production of ATP
NADH energy-->heat
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
What in tarnation is it good fer'
Transformation of Glucose
Erythrose (4C sugar)
Lignin
Wood
Fibers
Sclereid Deposits
Anthocyanin pigments
Flower petals
Brightly colored fruits
Ribose (5C sugar)
Nucleic-Acid metabolism
Meristematic Cells
Essential monomers in many pathways
Production of NADPH
Nitrate Reduction
Amino Acids
Respiration of Lipids
Catabolic metabolism of Lipids
Germination
Glycerol phosphate
Glycerol
Triglycerides
Fatty acids
B-Oxidation
Acetyl CoA
#
Carbohydrate synthesis
Citric-Acid Cycle
Glycosomes
FADH2 production
NADH production
Photorespiration
RuBP adds O to Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (instead of CO2)
Inefficient
Peroxisomes
Glycolate-->Glycine
Glycine-->Serine
Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Embden-Meyerhoff pathway
NADH oxidized back to NAD+
Glycolysis continues
Krebs Cycle/Citric-Acid Cycle
Citric-Acid Cycle Video
Important molecules
1 Acetly-CoA produces...
3 NADH
1 FAD/FADH2
1 ATP
Provides Intermediates for ETC
#
Electron Transport Chain
Mitochondrial inner membrane
Contains compounds for carrying electrons
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
Ubiquinone (CO Q)
Cytochrome oxidase
High selective permeability
Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation
Proton pump
ATP synthetase
H2O produced
Proton concentration gradient
NADH Shuttle
NADH produced by glycolysis cannot cross mitochondrial inner membrane
Malate-Aspartate Shuttle
Oxaloacetate-->Malate
1 Cytosolic NADH-->1 Matrix NADH
3 ADPs--> 3 ATPs
Glycerol-Phosphate shuttle
NADH + DHA-->Glycerol Phosphate + NAD+ (Cytosol)
FAD + Glycerol Phosphate--> DHA + FADH2 (Matrix)
NADH exchanged for FADH2
Environmental and Internal Factors
Temperature
Influences Respiration
10 degree(C) increase between range of 5-25 degrees--> may double respiration rate
Above 30 degrees (C) respiration rate increases much slower
Limited by Oxygen infusion rate in tissues
Above 40 degrees (C) respiration slows greatly
Enzyme damage
Disruption of organelle membranes
Lack of Oxygen
Oxygen in Plants
1-2% O2=Full respiration rate
Oxygen diffusion is good in plants even at night
Root access to O2 varies
Competition from other organisms
Rain may displace O2 in soil
Hypoxia
Anoxia
Anaerobic respiration allows roots to survive for short duration w/out O2
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Internal Regulation
Varying plant metabolic rates affect rate of respiration
Active metabolism=higher rates of respiration
Glands
Epidermal cells
Fruit maturation-->Steady until just before fruit is mature
Endocrine signaling
Greatly increased RR
Seeds
Extremely low RR for fertilized embryo
Dormant period
Metabolic Yield/Quotient of Respiration
Glycolysis
Anaerobic Glycolysis
4 ATP synthesized
2 ATP used to recapitulate glycolysis
2 ATP net yield
Aerobic Glycolysis
2 ATP produced from glycolysis
Intermediate Step:
NAD+ Pyruvate--> Acetyl-CoA +NADH
1 Glucose--> 2 pyruvates
1 NADH-->2 ATP
4-6 ATP produced per Glucose molecule
Glucose-6-phosphate= 6 ATP
Glucose=4 ATP
Citric-Acid Cycle
Each original Glucose molecule yields...
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH
Anaerobic Respiration: 24 ATP net yield
Aerobic Respiration: 38 ATP net yield
Pentose-phosphate pathway
If ribulose-5-phosphate or erythose-4-phosphate is abstracted...
2 NADPH yield
If no abstraction
6 NADPH yield
Fatty acid respiration
Fluctuates
Factors
Length of fatty acid chain
Acetyl CoA entering Citric-Acid Cycle
Abstraction of intermediates--> Lower ATP yield
Ideally
40% of energy in fatty acid---> ATP
No ATP produced
Thermogenic respiration
Photorespiration
Respiratory Quotient
Theoretical calculation: Ideally 1.0
RQ= ratio of CO2 liberate to O2 consumed
Effected by external factors
#
Acids
RQ>1.0
Oxygen rich structure= easily oxidized to produce CO2 + H2O
Production of NADH for ETC
Availability of reagents
Lipid metabolism
Contain virtually no O2
RQ<1.0
Often near 0.7
Gas Exchange calculations
Fermentation of Alcoholic Beverages
Ethanol production
Yeasts
[EtOH]>18% kills yeast
Distillation allows for stronger conc. of EtOH
Sugars in fruits = easily converted to EtOH
Depolymerization in seeds and tubers
Beer
Grains
Barley
Greatest # of enzymes
Fast conversion of starch to sugar
Malt
Wheat
Popular
Corn
Rice
Sake
Much stronger than beer
Germination of grains necessary
Pausterization
Various beers are produced by controlling the malting process
Wine
Fermented fruits
Typically around 12-14% EtOH content
Vitis vinifera
Chardonnay
Pinot Noir
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Resveratrol
Produced when yeast attacks exocarps
Medicinal benefits (maybe)
Lowers BP
Prolongs life
Anticancer activity
Fermentation continues as long as sugars are present
Dry wine = all sugars have been fermented
Sweet wine= some sugars remain
Spirits
20% EtOH content
To obtain stronger, EtOH must be added or distilled
Types of spirits
Grain-based
Whiskeys
Vodka
Gin