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Energy Metabolism: Respiration (Processes (NADH Shuttle (Cytosolic NADH…
Energy Metabolism: Respiration
Processes
Generates ATP
Carbon is oxidized
Break down of carbon compounds
Glycolysis
W/O it ATP does not form
Death
Stops for lack of NAD+
The Mitochondrial Electron Transport System
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:checkered_flag:
Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation
inner membrane contains compounds capable of carrying electrons
Reduced FMN (FMNH2) passes electrons
Proteinaceous electron carriers transfer electrons
NADH can migrate back to citric acid cycle
one or several quinones
FMN is reduced
Ubiquinone; Coenzyme Q
flavin mononucleotide
Large Enzyme complex: cytochrome oxidase
Passes electrons to a protein
As oxygen is reduced, picks up two protons and becomes water
NADH diffuses to the membrane
NADH Shuttle
Cannot cross mitochondrial membrane
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Instead, chemical reactions
reduce power across the membrane
Cytosolic NADH
Matrix NADH
Oxidative phosphorylation
3 ADPs to 3 ATPs
Types
Aerobic
Obligate
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Plants
Animals
Strict Aerobes
Requires Oxygen
Glycolysis
First Part of Aerobic
Most ancient of all metabolisms
The Citric Acid Cycle
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Three carboxyl groups
Krebs Cycle
Hans Krebs
Intermediates is citrate, anion of citric acid
Process
Pyruvate transported from cytosol
Glycolysis occurs
Accross mitochondrial membranes to mitochondrial matrix
Oxidized and decarboxylated
Carbon dioxide and NADH are produced
Acetyl + coenzyme A= Acetyl CoA
Acceptor molecule: oxaloacetate
compound with 4 carbons
converted to citrate: compound with 6 carbons
converted to cis-aconitate
then transformed to isocitrate
Anaerobic
Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway
Glycolysis
ATP phosphorylates
Enzyme- phosphoglycerate kinase
Kinases remove phosphates
substrate-level phosphorylation
Phosphorylases add phosphates
Molecules
2 consumed
4 ATPS generated
Fermentation
Everyday Use
Food
Preservation
Pasteurization
Fermentation
Bread rise
Wine and Beer :beer_mugs:
Temperature
Regulation
Plants
Cannot sense their own temp
Use thermogenic respiration
Transports electrons in mitochondria
Without pumping protons
Without saving any of the energy as ATP
Humans
Shiver to contract muscles
Waste ATP
Heat is released
Human babies have a thermogenic mechanism
Brown fat
Uses
Metabolic Processes
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Ion Transport
Microtubule Assembly
Nucleic Acid Replication
Protein Synthesis
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NADH
Lactate
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Anion of lactose
Pyruvate
Electron Receptor
Plants and Fungi
Converts to acytaldehyde
Ethyl Alcohol
Depressant
Fetal Alcohol Syndrom
passes into our bloodstream
Ethanol
beer
wine
produces alcoholic beverages
spirits
Toxic to yeast
Mud beneath stagnant water
Integrated Metabolisms
Lithotrophs
Lithotrophic autotrophs
Use Carbon Dioxide Primarily
Lithotrophic Heterotrophs
Energy from oxidizing sulfur compounds
Carbon
Calvin Cycle
Animals are all heterotrophs
Food consists of reduced carbon compounds
Photosynthesis
All photosynthetic plants are autotrophic
Photosynthetic
Phototrophic
cyanobacteria
Some purple bacteria
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Green bacteria
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Photoheterotrophs
Absorb and use organic carbon
Respiration
Internal Regulation
Specific Metabolic controls
Active metabolism=high level of aerobic respiration
Environment factors
Lack of Oxygen
Oxygen concentration in atmosphere
Temperature
respiratory quotient
RQ for glucose is 1.0
Acids have a high RQ because they contain large amounts of oxygen
Fatty acids contain almost no oxygen so RQ is low
Example: Sunflower
Seeds store oils in the cotyledons
When they germinate, the oils are respired