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Tumours (Malignant tumours (Chondrosarcoma (Clinical manifestations…

- - - - Is a type of cancer closely related to bone cancer.
    - - Transformation of benign cartilage lesions into cancers.Dahlin D. C., Cancer 1991;28:461-466
      - Genetic mutations.
    - - Enlargement of an existing growth.
      - Limping
      - Swelling in the painful area.
      - lump or mass
      - Changes in urination (for pelvic tumors).
    - - Mafucci syndrome
      - middle-aged to older adults.
      - Ollier disease
    - - Biopsy
      - Positron emission tomography (PET)
      - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      - Bone scans
      - X-rays
    - - Surgical removal and bone graft
      - Removal of affected part
      - Radiotherapy
  - - - Is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell.
    - - Unknown
    - - Mental fogginess or confusion.
      - Weakness or numbness in your legs
      - Constipation
      - Excessive thirst
      - Nausea
    - - Urine tests
      - Examination of your bone marrow.
      - Blood tests.
      - Imaging tests
    - - Family history of multiple myeloma.
      - Personal history of a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance .
      - Black race
      - Increasing age
      - Male sex
    - - Nursing
        
        Teach handwashing technique before providing care, using of protective gear .
        
        Discourage the use of hard toothbrush, obtaining rectal temperatures, undergoing unnecessary invasive procedures.
        
        Encourage to avoid exposure to people with upper respiratory infection or any illness.
        
        Monitor for any signs of bleeding and febrile episodes.
      - Pharmacological
        
        Chemotherapy
        
        Radiation therapy
        
        Corticosteroids, such as prednisone and dexamethasone.
    - - Bone damage caused by multiple myeloma is due to the increased activity of osteoclasts .
      - Development of bone lesions osteolytic often.
      - Malignant tumor of plasma cells.
- - - - Is a benign (non-cancerous), small tumor that occurs most often in the long bones of a person’s lower extremities.
    - - When cells divide uncontrollably.
    - - Muscle wasting
      - limping
      - Dull or sharp pain that worsens at night.
      - Painful scoliosis and muscle spasticity .
    - - Olliier diseases
      - Genetic mutations
      - middle aged to older ages
      - Family histrory
    - - Occurs when certain cells divide uncontrollably.
      - Forming a small mass of bone and other tissue.
      - This growing tumor replaces healthy bone tissue with abnormal.
    - - Computerized tomography scan.
      - Bone scan
      - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      - Complete blood count (CBC)
      - Blood tests
    - - Pharmacological
        
        Relieve pain by analgesics
        
        Give cytotoxic drugs
        
        Radiotherapy
      - Nursing
        
        Encourage healthy diet
        
        Give analgesics
        
        exercising
  - - - An abnormal, solitary, benign growth of bone and cartilage, typically at the end of a long bone.
    - - Hereditary Multiple Exostoses
      - Reduced blood supply
      - Injury
      - Trauma to the bone
    - - Numbness
      - Tingling
      - Clots
      - Inflammation
    - - Increasing age
      - Ollier disease
      - Family history
    - - MRI
      - Biopsy
      - CT scan
      - X rays
    - - Give analgesics
      - Monitor signs of bleeding
      - Painful and complicated tumors are surgically removed.
      - Give cytotoxic drugs