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CRYPTORCHIDISM (UNDESCENDED TESTES) (COMPLICATION (Testicular tumor -…
CRYPTORCHIDISM
(UNDESCENDED TESTES)
INCIDENCE
At birth:
Full term - 3.4%
Premature - 30.3%
At 1 year:
Full term - 0.8%
Premature - 0.8%
Adult - 0.7% to 1%
CAUSES
Gestational diabetes
Genetic - up to 23% of cases have been associated with familial clustering
Maternal alcohol consumption, analgesia, smoking
Environmental or maternal toxins
Hormonal - abnormalities in the pathways/signalling of testosterone, mullerian inhibiting substance, insulin-like 3 hormone or its receptor LGR8, epidermal growth factor, and/or oestrogens
DEFINITION
Is when one or both testes are not present within the dependent portion of the scrotal sac
May be due to the testis being
undescended, ectopic, retractile, or absent
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Incomplete migration of the testis during embryogenesis from the original retroperitoneal position near the kidneys to its final position in the scrotum
RISK FACTORS
Low birth weight <2.5 kg
Prematurity
Environmental exposures
Maternal alcohol use
Family hx of cryptorchidism
GDM
COMPLICATION
Testicular tumor - risk 22 times higher
Associated hernia (65%)
Decreased spermatogenesis
Urinary tract anomaly (3%)
Testicular torsion
Psychosocial problems
Trauma to inguinal canal