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Cell Structure (Cell Characteristics (Prokaryotic (No membrane bound…

- - - - Hydrophilic backbone (glycerol and phosphate)
      - Hydrophobic tail (fatty acid)
        
        Plus oligosaccharides: glycolipids
    - - ~60% of the membrane
      - Extrinsic: large hydrophilic regions
      - Intrinsic: large hydrophobic regions
        
        Plus oligosaccharides = glycoproteins #
  - - - More permeable to hydrophobic substances
        
        Causes need for facilitated diffusion
        
        EX: inorganic salts, sugars, amino acids
        
        Movement of charged particles
        
        Active transport: membrane protein uses energy and solute concentration to change shape and pump molecules across
- - - - Amyloplasts: store starch
      - Chromoplasts: store red or yellow pigment for flowers and fruits
      - Proplastids: young, meristematic cells
      - Leucoplasts: colorless plastids
      - Chloroplasts: chlorophyll rich, carries out photosynthesis, has own DNA
        
        Thykaloids:photosynthetic membrane
        
        Granum: flat vesicles, staked, carry out chemiosmotic phosphorylation
    - - Aids in cell growth, larger it gets
  - - - Plasma Membrane: semipermeable membrane that surrounds protoplasm
      - Cytosol: liquid substance of protoplasm, not including organelles
      - Cytoplasm: protoplasm, includes nucleus, vacuoles, and cytoplasm
    - - Central Dogma: DNA --> RNA --> Protein
      - Nuclear Envelope: inner and outer membrane surrounding nucleus
      - Nuclear Pores: in envelope, transport materials between nucleus and cytoplasm
      - Nucleoplasm: substance inside nucleus, includes DNA, histones, RNA, enzymes, nucleic acids, and water
      - Nucleoli: synthesize ribosomal RNAs
    - - Crista: folds on inner membrane
      - Matrix: liquid in between crista and membranes
      - Has own DNA #
    - - Smooth: lipid synthesis
      - Rough: ribosomes attached, protein synthesis
- - - - Beta-tubulin: polymerize into tublin
      - Centrioles: organizes the microtubules of flagella
      - Alpha-tubulin: polymerize into tubulin
    - - Cilia: used for movement, similar to flagella, only shorter
        
        9+2 arrangement of microtubules in cilia and flagella:
      - Flagella: used for locomotion, sperm cells
        
        Basal Body: similar to centrioles #