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The carbon cycle (Lesson 1 - The carbon cycle and energy security (All…

- - - - trap moisture and floodwater
      - maintain healthy soil
    - - initial release of co2 into the atmosphere
      - biofuel crop need lots of water so require irrigation which has impacts on aquifers
- - - - creates jobs for people in rural areas
      - has a knock on effect on the countries they export to
    - - conflict can occur between communities and companies over who has rights to the land
      - drinking water becomes polluted due to the pesticides and fertilizers that are used within crop growth
      - Lung diseases have been caused by the fog that comes from fires, lot's of people have acute breathing problems
      - CO2 is released when forest fires happen after the forest becomes dry after palm oil kernels have been removed
  - - - 1) State of nature - E.G. Ethiopia
      - 2) Pollution grows as the economy begins to develop. E.G. Indonesia
      - 3) Turning point of income. E.G. China
      - 4) Pollution declines with technological advances, changing consumer preferences and industry shifts. E.G. UK
- - - - by 2030 it could meet 16% of all north americas oil needs
      - it can work as a fuel stopgap until a better renewable source can be found, there is currently large amounts left
      - it generates vital revenue for local and national economies
      - they use 28% of the oil themselves and export 70% to USA
    - - only a viable option when the price of crude oil exceeds $40 per barrel as it costs between $10-$20 to extract the bitumen from the tar sands
      - it takes between 2 and 5 barrels of water to produce one barrel of oil
      - it adds to greenhouse emissions
      - 1.8 million tonnes of toxic wastewater is produced every year
- - - - worlds biggest coal producer, 70% of its electricity generation
      - large oil fields and controls 3% of the worlds oil reservoirs
      - can afford to import from middle east, they are no longer self sufficient
    - - Dependancy on coal, likely to lead to global warming sanctions
      - Largest oil fields have now peaked and will run out within 2 decades
      - Deepwater exploration for oil may be threatened by political conflicts with Vietnam and Philippines
- - - - Benefit: This is a low cost approach
      - Cost: This makes development difficult in some areas which can reduce economic growth
      - Example: UK
    - - Benefit: These methods can be deployed very quickly, and they offset some of the greenhouse effect
      - Cost: uncertainty about how effective they will be, and they are potentially expensive
      - Example: Used on a global basis
    - - Benefit: Smart irrigation and Recycling sewage water
      - Cost: Recycling water require power plants which releases co2 and these projects are expensive
      - Example: Israel
    - - Benefit: increased yields and water conservation
      - Cost: They have been banned by the EU as after some mammals fed on GE soybeans and maize they found evidence of liver and kidney problems
      - Example: Syria and Iraq