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Vikings
(790-1066) (Vikings (Phase 2: Invasion
(865-990) (Farming
Took…
Vikings
(790-1066)
Vikings
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Evidence
Local Lords: Massacres
Archaelogical evidence, mass graves
Layers of ash of battle settlements
Christianity
Attacked monastries:
Lindisfarne (793), Iona Abbey (795)
Raids account, turned into a religious war
Trading
Christian crosses, prayer beads found in viking settlements
Viking graves w/ A-S good in (vice versa)
Modern DNA - intermarriage between A-S & Vikings
Treasures
Scandinavia arcahelogy found large amounts
of A-S coins, jewellery; coins in Northumbria are mainly tin
Silver was possibly scarce after raids
Hoardes of treasure buried round country for North vs. South
Hide and Seek
Extra: Slaves
Skeletons in Scandinavia, more evidence in English graves
Response
Offense
Direct Confrontation
War, fighting the vikings
E.g. Battle of York (loss), Edington (win, 878)
Aethelred, Alfred drive of Danes (870)
Had half of their men in service, built-up army
Kept vikings out of Wessex
Building up armed forces
Building up army, navy
E.g. Alfred built ships twice vikings' size (longships)
Reorg. army - half at home, half in service
Had efficient gov. tax collection system
Vikings were surprised at A-S's development
Defense
Hiding Wealth
Buried valuable treasure
E.g. Hordes found near staffordshire ward
Worth millions, priceless treasures in fields
Since religious places didn't work last time
Vikings were pagans so looted religious places
Built-up Defences
Prevent viking raids
E.g. Alfred built 45 buhrs (876) - fortified towns w/ walls,
Soldiers; strategic buildings on rivers, crossings, roads
Tax collection was efficient enough
Phase 2 - much greater resistance than Phase 1
Aggreement
Paying off Vikings
Pay them not to fight
E.g. Aethelred payes Danegeld after
losing battle of Maldan; Anglos couldn't fight,
paid especially during Phase 1, vulneralble
Anglos couldn't fight vikings
Minimal Success: always came back for more
Swaynforkbeard o'erthrows Aethel, Knut succeeds
Alliances
Share England between A-S & Vikings
E.g. A'stan captures York (927), agreement
not forced out of Northum', Norfolk, E.Anglia
Alfred allies Wessex w/ Mercia
890 - daughter (A'flued) marries Ethelred
It's difficult to fight alone against the vikings
899 - Alfred dies, had control of everything
below Danelaw Line (London to Chester)